In the UK, about a quarter of adults report having experienced maltreatment while growing up. Maltreatment takes several forms (i.e., neglect and abuse) that varyingly undermine mental health and wellbeing throughout the lifespan. My research will examine the extent to which neural signals generated by the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) differentiate the outcomes of neglect versus abuse. The two neural signals central to this proposal are generated by the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) and the Reward Positivity (RewP). Neuroscientific studies that link childhood maltreatment to ACC function and psychopathology are few and limited in their methodology. Although childhood maltreatment is linked to deficits in ACC function, most existing research uses a cumulative trauma score rather than distinguishing between neglect and abuse. I will conduct three studies among adult participants. In all studies, participants will complete (a) the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and (b) measures of internalising and externalising symptoms. In Study 1, participants will complete (in randomised order) the Ericksen Flanker Task and Monetary Incentive Delay Task while EEG is recorded to evoke the ERN and RewP respectively. In Study 2, I will evoke the ERN and the RewP in social evaluative contexts by adapting accordingly the Study 1 tasks. Finally, in Study 3, I will examine the ERN and RewP in ecologically valid, potentially harmful social contexts, such as social exclusion and aggression. In all, my proposed research represents an ambitious test of the mechanistic role of ACC function in explaining the consequences of childhood maltreatment that persist into adulthood.