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Pest management and biodiversity in organic fruit production: the case of apple orchards
Numerous pesticide applications are required for orchard protection, regardless of the guidelines.Organic fruit production (OFP) mainly relies on the use of mineral fungicides and microbiological ornaturally-occurring insecticides. The environmental impact of this type of production does notsignificantly differ from that of conventional production when assessed in terms of synthetic indicators.However, the abundance of earthworms, as well as the abundance and specific richness of arthropodpests and beneficials in the orchards and surrounding hedges, is greater in OFP than in conventionalorchards. Generalist predators are usually less affected by OFP compounds than by the chemicalpesticides applied in conventional orchards. OFP also benefits avian communities, and above all,insectivorous birds, for which organic orchards offer a suitable habitat similar to that of undisturbednatural areas.In addition to this general trend, discrepancies may be observed in the protection responses of differentinsect groups. The abundance of hymenopteran parasitoids is the lowest in organic orchards in whichoutbreaks of phytophagous mites are also recorded in relation to the intensive use of sulphur for scabprotection. Biological insecticides often act in ways that are similar to those of chemical ones, and therestricted choice of available compounds is likely to induce resistance selection in insect pests.Although maintaining biodiversity is not a direct result of the implementation of OFP guidelines, it seemsto be widely considered as an option by organic growers, both alone and as a complementary tool forpest regulation.
La protection des vergers nécessite de nombreux traitements antiparasitaires, quel que soit le cahierdes charges. L’agriculture biologique (AB) utilise des fongicides minéraux et des insecticides d’originevégétale, microbiologiques ou dérivés ; l’arboriculture conventionnelle a essentiellement recours à lachimie de synthèse. Evalués au moyen d’indicateurs synthétiques, ces différents programmes deprotection ne se distinguent pas fondamentalement en termes d’impacts environnementaux. Lesobservations biologiques directes dans le verger et dans son environnement immédiat indiquentcependant un effet de l’AB moindre que celui du conventionnel sur les lombrics, les communautésaviaires, et sur l’abondance globale des arthropodes. Des réponses opposées sont enregistrées pourles hyménoptères parasitoïdes et les acariens prédateurs, sensibles aux applications répétées defongicides minéraux contre la tavelure. Peu diversifiés, les insecticides biologiques dont les modesd’action s’apparentent souvent à ceux des molécules de synthèse sont fréquemment répétés, doncsujets à l’acquisition de résistances par les ravageurs cibles. Si la préservation de la biodiversité n’estpas acquise par le simple respect du cahier des charges AB, elle semble bien prise en compte par lesarboriculteurs biologiques, conscients de son utilité pour la limitation des infestations parasitaires
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, integrated protection, Crop health, quality, protection, DIVERSITY, biological pest control, lutte biologique, diversity, VERGER, SUSTAINABILITY, sustainability., [SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, INDICATOR, pesticide, ORCHARD, diversité, [SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, indicator, protection intégrée, durabilité, verger, INTEGRATED PROTECTION, Fruit and berries, orchard, BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL, Biodiversity and ecosystem services, indicateur
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, integrated protection, Crop health, quality, protection, DIVERSITY, biological pest control, lutte biologique, diversity, VERGER, SUSTAINABILITY, sustainability., [SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, INDICATOR, pesticide, ORCHARD, diversité, [SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, indicator, protection intégrée, durabilité, verger, INTEGRATED PROTECTION, Fruit and berries, orchard, BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL, Biodiversity and ecosystem services, indicateur
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