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Systèmes de culture, habitudes alimentaires et durabilité des agrosystèmes forestiers en Afrique (Guinée, Cameroun) : une approche géoagronomique

Authors: Camara, Aboubarcar; Dugue, Patrick; Kalms, Jean-Marie; Soulard, Christophe T.;

Systèmes de culture, habitudes alimentaires et durabilité des agrosystèmes forestiers en Afrique (Guinée, Cameroun) : une approche géoagronomique

Abstract

Le constat de la dégradation rapide des écosystèmes forestiers d'Afrique subsaharienne évoque la croissance démographique comme étant la cause principale. Cette communication présente l'analyse comparative des dynamiques spatio-temporelles de deux régions forestières humides d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Guinée Forestière) et d'Afrique Centrale (Centre-Sud Cameroun). Elle montre que le choix des systèmes de culture, notamment vivriers, (et donc les habitudes alimentaires locales) peut expliquer la différence de pression anthropique sur les ressources naturelles entre ces deux situations à la densité de population rurale comparable. Ainsi les systèmes de culture vivriers à base de riz pluvial de coteaux ont une emprise spatiale bien supérieure (0,91 ha/habitant) à ceux observés au Centre-Sud Cameroun à base de plantes à tubercules et de bananier plantain (0,15 ha/habitant). Simultanément, l'extension d'agroforêts à base de cultures pérennes (café, cacao, fruitiers) consommateur en espace est actif en Guinée forestière et contribue à accroitre encore la pression sur les terres. Au Cameroun, cette pression anthropique demeure faible sauf si la production vivrière s'oriente beaucoup plus vers les marchés urbains proches. Ces choix de cultures et d'assolement dépendent des conditions bio-physiques régionales ou locales, mais aussi, et surtout des facteurs endogènes comme les habitudes alimentaires (riz en Guinée, tubercules et banane plantain au Cameroun) et les demandes du marché local et régional. La compréhension de ces dynamiques socioéconomiques et agroécologiques implique de mobiliser plusieurs démarches, combinant géoagronomie, économie et socio-anthropologie.

The population growth is generally considered as the main cause of the fast degradation of forest ecosystems in sub Sahara Africa. This contribution presents a comparative analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics in two forest regions from West Africa (Forest Guinea) and Centre Africa (Centre-South Cameroon). It shows that the choice of cropping systems especially food crops, (and related food preferences) explains the difference in anthropic pressure on natural resources between these two situations, with similar low (20hab./km2) population density. The cropping systems based on upland rice have a higher spatial impact (0.91 ha/habitant) than those observed in Centre-south Cameroon based on tubers and plantain (0.15 ha/habitant). Simultaneously the extension of agroforests based on perennial crops (coffee, cocoa, fruit trees) requiring more space is active in Forest Guinea and still contributes to increase the pressure on land. In Cameroon, this anthropic pressure remains low unless the food crops become more urban market oriented. Decisions about crops and rotation are based on bio-physical conditions locally or regionally, but also and particularly on endogenous factors like food preferences (rice in Guinea, roots and plantain in Cameroon) and local and regional urban market demand. Understanding these socioeconomic and agroecological changes requires to mobilize various disciplinary approaches combining geoagronomy, economy and socio-anthropology.

Country
France
Keywords

guinée, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, AFROSYSTEME FORESTIER, CULTURES VIVRIERES, GEOAGRONOMIE, GEOGRAPHIE, FOOD CROPS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, SUSTAINABILITY, cameroun, geoagronomy, AGRONOMIE, Cameroon, Agroforestry, LAND USE, système de culture, agroforesterie, CROPPING SYSTEM, CULTURES VIVRIERES;AFROSYSTEME FORESTIER;GEOAGRONOMIE;AGROFORESTRY;CROPPING SYSTEM;FOOD CROPS;LAND USE;SUSTAINABILITY;GEOGRAPHIE;AGRONOMIE, land use, afrique, durabilité, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, cropping systems, food crops, sustainability, E51 - Population rurale, agroécosystème, AGROFORESTRY, [SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, Guinea, [ SDV.SA.AEP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, occupation du sol

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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