In order to reach commercialization, organic photovoltaic solar cells need to reach efficiencies above 10 % and achieve lifetimes of several thousands of hours. Tandem solar cells are a way of improving the efficiencies. The objectives of this work are therefore to study the fabrication process, the operation and the ageing of organic tandem solar cells. First, single solar cells based on the active material PCDTBT are used as model to investigate the factors governing the cells efficiencies. Using characterization techniques such as impedance spectroscopy, the roles played by each layer of the cells are identified. Based on these results, a protocol to make series tandem cells is developed. Each of its steps is dedicated to treating a key aspect of tandem cells : choice of complementary absorbing polymers, design of the intermediate layer (IML) and thickness optimization. The functioning of the IML is subjected to a particular attention. To optimize the thicknesses, optical phenomena are numerically simulated. The prediction thus made are then compared to experimental results. Finally, the ageing of single and tandem cells is investigated on time spans ranging from several dozens to several thousands of hours. It is shown that the device degradation can be linked to poor ageing of the interface layers, while the active layer stays stable. Organic tandem cells are promising candidates to reach both high efficiencies and long lifetime. ; Pour être viable économiquement, les cellules photovoltaïques organiques doivent dépasser 10 % de rendement et atteindre plusieurs milliers d'heure de durée de vie. Les cellules tandems constituent une voie probante d'augmentation des rendements. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectifs l'élaboration de cellules organiques tandems puis l'étude de leur fonctionnement et de leur vieillissement. Dans un premier temps, les paramètres gouvernant le rendement de cellules photovoltaïques organiques sont examinés sur le modèle de cellules simples à base de PCDTBT. Des caractérisations ...