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Technology comparison for the sustainable treatment of municipal wastewater in small communities of Costa Rica: Surface requirements, building cost and operating and maintenance cost
Este artículo aborda el tema del tratamiento sostenible de las aguas residuales en pequeñas comunidades de Costa Rica. Aunque esfuerzos recientes muestran interés político en mejorar el rezago histórico que sufre el país en infraestructura sanitaria, existen pocas referencias que guíen el proceso de selección de la tecnología y escala más adecuadas para los sistemas a implantar. Este trabajo provee un análisis de tres tecnologías para plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de aplicación factible en el país. Para ello se estimó la demanda de área (DA), el costo constructivo (CC) y el costo de operación y mantenimiento (CO&M) de PTAR en diferentes escalas. Se mostró que los sistemas con humedal construido tienen la mayor DA y los menores CC y CO&M. Los sistemas con reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendente de manto de lodo seguido de filtro biológico percolador (UASB + FBP) tuvieron DA ligeramente mayores a las de los sistemas de lodos activados de aireación extendida (LAE), con CC ligeramente inferiores para la primera tecnología y CO&M de 50 a 100% mayores para los LAE. El estudio comprobó que la práctica actual de uso extendido de sistemas LAE en pequeña escala no resulta la opción más sostenible, por lo que se insta a que en el futuro se consideren escalas de PTAR mayores y se amplíe el abanico de tecnologías utilizadas en el país, aprovechando algunas recientes experiencias exitosas en países con condiciones similares.
This article discusses the sustainable treatment of sewage for small communities in Costa Rica. Although recent efforts show a political interest in improving the country's historical lag in sanitation infrastructure, there are few references that guide the selection process of the most appropriate technology and scale for the systems to be installed. This work provides an analysis of three technologies for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of feasible application in the country. For this, the area demand (AD), the building cost (BC) and the operation and maintenance cost (O&MC) of STPs at different scales were estimated. It was shown that systems with constructed wetland have the highest AD and the lowest BC and O&MC. The systems with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by trickling filter (UASB + TF) had a larger AD than those of activated sludge with extended aeration (ASE), with BC smaller for the first technology and CO&M 50 to 100% higher for ASE. The study found that the current practice of extended use of small-scale ASE systems is not the most sustainable option. Thus, it is advised that future WWTP consider larger scales and alternative technologies, emulating some recent successful experiences in countries with similar conditions.
Contaminación hídrica, Tecnologías apropiadas, Appropriate technologies, Estaciones depuradoras, Sostenibilidad, Sewage treatment plants, Sustainability, Water pollution, Infraestructura de saneamiento, Sanitation infrastructure
Contaminación hídrica, Tecnologías apropiadas, Appropriate technologies, Estaciones depuradoras, Sostenibilidad, Sewage treatment plants, Sustainability, Water pollution, Infraestructura de saneamiento, Sanitation infrastructure
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