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Nitrogen cycling in pastoral livestock systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa: knowns and unknowns

دورة النيتروجين في نظم الثروة الحيوانية الرعوية في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراءالكبرى: المعروف والمجهول
Authors: Thomas P. F. Dowling; Lutz Merbold; Victoria Carbonell; Victoria Carbonell; Victoria Carbonell; Eugenio Díaz-Pinés; Klaus Butterbach-Bahl; +1 Authors

Nitrogen cycling in pastoral livestock systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa: knowns and unknowns

Abstract

AbstractPastoral systems are the dominant livestock production system in arid and semiarid regions of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). They are often the only form of agriculture that can be practiced due to unfavorable climate and soil fertility levels that prevent crop cultivation. Pastoralism can have negative impacts on the environment, including land degradation, greenhouse gas emissions and other gases to the atmosphere, soil erosion, water pollution and biodiversity loss. Here, we review the current knowledge on nitrogen (N) cycling, storage, and loss pathways, with an emphasis on identification of N emission hotspots. Our review reports a large uncertainty in the amount of N lost as ammonia from excreta and manure storage, as well as N losses via nitrate and DON leaching. We also found that another major N loss pathway (18%), soil N2 emissions, has not yet been measured. In order to summarize the available information, we use a virtual pastoral farm, with characteristics and management practices obtained from a real farm, Kapiti Research Station in Kenya. For outlining N flows at this virtual farm, we used published data, data from global studies, satellite imagery and geographic information system (GIS) tools. Our results show that N inputs in pastoral systems are dominated by atmospheric N deposition (˜80%), while inputs due to biological nitrogen fixation seems to play a smaller role. A major N loss pathway is nitrogen leaching (nitrate > DON) from pastures (33%). Cattle enclosures (bomas), where animals are kept during night, represent N emissions hotspots, representing 16% of the total N losses from the system. N losses via ammonia volatilization and N2O were four and three orders of magnitude higher from bomas than from the pasture, respectively. Based on our results, we further identify future research requirements and highlight the urgent need for experimental data collection to quantify nitrogen losses from manure in animal congregation areas. Such information is needed to improve our understanding on N cycling in pastoral systems in semiarid regions and to provide practical recommendations for managers that can help with decision‐making on management strategies in pastoral systems in semiarid savannas.

Countries
France, Germany, Switzerland, France
Keywords

550, Nitrogen cycle, 630, Leaching (pedology), Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Soil, Nutritional Strategies for Ruminant Health and Production, Savanna, Soil water, Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods, Climate change, Savanna; Greenhouse gas emissions; Leaching; Ammonia; Pastoralism; Rangelands; Knowledge gaps, Geography, Ecology, Physics, livestock systems, Life Sciences, Agriculture, Cycling, Forestry, Articles, Nitrogen Cycle, Physical Sciences, Pastoralism, Ecosystem Functioning, Livestock, Nitrogen, Soil Science, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Greenhouse gas, Quantum mechanics, Environmental science, Ammonia, Greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen cycle, Animals, Agroforestry, Fertilizers, Biology, Soil science, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550, ddc:550, Knowledge gaps, Kenya, Agronomy, livestock, Manure, Earth sciences, FOS: Biological sciences, Environmental Science, Leaching, Rangelands, Cattle, Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems, Agronomy and Crop Science, pastoralism

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    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    8
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
hybrid