The inevitable transition to a decarbonized society necessitates a widespread utilization of bio-based materials and technologies toward mitigating climate change. In accordance with the European Union's sustainable development strategies, the integration of bioenergy to the existing energy mix is essential for the valorization of energy resources. In this chapter, processes and products contributing to bioenergy are reviewed within the context of biorefinery approach. Economic, ecological, and social impacts of bioenergy are discussed with examples from around the globe. Finally, suggestions to promote and sustain the implementation of bioenergy within the scope of circular bioeconomy are proposed. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.