The occurrence of extreme weather events is becoming more frequent due to global climate change. A long-lasting dust outbreak in the spring of 2023 was triggered by Mongolia cyclones and cold fronts in the dust source areas. In this study, we illustrate the spatial distribution, the transport path of the dust and its influence on the air quality of downstream cities utilizing ground-based and space-borne measurements. Results indicate a more complicated pollution, coexisting of polluted dust stage S1 and pure dust stage S2. In S1, the aerosol was characterized by a dual-layer vertical structure-high extinction coefficient of nearly 1.0 km-1 with a low particle depolarized ratio (PDR) of 1300 µg/m3. PM10 positively correlated with trace gases in S1 while varying inversely with the pollution gases in S2. The results help to shed light on the classification of different types of dust and also be useful in developing an effective strategy to forecast air pollution in downstream areas.