Magnesium oxide (MgO)-based cements display very interesting technical properties and environmentally-friendly features. The novel idea investigated in this study is to synthesize MgO cements, using as raw material natural magnesite calcined in fluidized bed heated by concentrated solar energy. Calcination was performed in a lab-scale system equipped with a concentrated solar simulator, operated under different process conditions. The most reactive MgO was mixed with 3% by weight of MgCO3 (nucleation agent) and four different solutions containing magnesium acetate or chloride. The binders were hydrated in air or 20% CO2 atmosphere (accelerated carbonation conditions) until 28 days. X-ray diffraction, differential-thermal and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses, and compressive mechanical strength tests, were performed on the hydrated systems. Solar calcination produced a highly reactive MgO. The performance of the cement pastes improved at higher curing times, and when using magnesium acetate as hydration agent, as also witnessed by the application of a kinetic model. Accelerated carbonation conditions further enhanced the mechanical properties of the cements thanks to the formation of nesquehonite, allowing to reach a mechanical strength comparable to that of ordinary Portland cements class 32.5. The achieved outcomes encourage the production of low-CO2 magnesite cements from solar calcined magnesite, boosting the green aspect of the entire process.