Abstract The mesophase pitch derived graphite foams with low bulk density (L-GF) and high bulk density (H-GF) were spontaneously infiltrated by erythritol to prepare graphite foam/erythritol (GF/erythritol) phase change materials (PCMs) with ultrahigh thermal conductivity for medium temperature thermal energy storage applications. Results of thermophysical properties indicated that thermal diffusivity of the GF/erythritol PCMs can be enhanced by 66 and 117 times as compared with that of pristine erythritol in solid (0.36 mm2/s). This enhancement resulting from three-dimensional ordered network of graphite foam can significantly reduce the charging and discharging time of the PCM storage system. Although H-GF as a matrix can obtain a higher thermal conductivity (68.71 W/(m·K)) than L-GF (40.52 W/(m·K)), the smaller porosity cannot allow more erythritol to be absorbed, and its melting enthalpy (178.4 J/g) is lower than L-GF (266.6 J/g). In addition, the enhancement of thermal conductivity and the increase of interfacial surface area caused by graphite foam structure strongly suppresses the supercooling of erythritol, which can be reduced from 86.0 °C to 53.2 °C. The obtained results demonstrated that the GF/erythritol PCM as a stable PCM is a promising material for medium temperature thermal energy storage applications.