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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
License: IEEE Copyright
Data sources: Crossref
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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Distributed Control of Active Cell Balancing and Low-Voltage Bus Regulation in Electric Vehicles Using Hierarchical Model-Predictive Control

Authors: orcid bw Zhe Gong;
Zhe Gong
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Zhe Gong in OpenAIRE
orcid Bjorn A. C. van de Ven;
Bjorn A. C. van de Ven
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Bjorn A. C. van de Ven in OpenAIRE
Kshitij M. Gupta; Carlos da Silva; orcid bw Cristina H. Amon;
Cristina H. Amon
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Cristina H. Amon in OpenAIRE
orcid Henk Jan Bergveld;
Henk Jan Bergveld
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Henk Jan Bergveld in OpenAIRE
orcid M. C. F. Tijs Donkers;
M. C. F. Tijs Donkers
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M. C. F. Tijs Donkers in OpenAIRE
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Distributed Control of Active Cell Balancing and Low-Voltage Bus Regulation in Electric Vehicles Using Hierarchical Model-Predictive Control

Abstract

Electric vehicle battery performance near end-of-life is limited by mismatched cell degradation, leading to an estimated 5-10% cell capacity variation across the pack. Active cell balancing hardware architectures incorporating a Low-Voltage (LV) bus supply have been introduced to unlock lost capacity due to cell imbalance at reduced cost, through elimination of the vehicle's 400-to-12V dc-dc converter. In this work, a hierarchical model-predictive control scheme is applied to a time-shared isolated converter active balancing architecture that incorporates LV bus supply. The proposed controller efficiently divides computation among the battery management system hardware components. The energy-buffering capability of the lead-acid battery, which is connected to the LV bus, is used to trade-off balancing and bus regulation objectives, reducing peak power and improving the system cost-effectiveness. Simultaneous state-of-charge balancing and LV bus regulation is verified in simulation and experiment using real-world drive and LV load data collected from a GM Bolt electric vehicle. Similar controller performance compared to a central scheme is achieved in simulation. The experimental setup includes a custom 12S2P, 3.9kWh, liquid-cooled Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt battery module with embedded battery management system. The controller performance is evaluated with an initial maximum state-of-charge imbalance of 6.8%.

Keywords

Temperature measurement, Electric vehicles, energy storage, State of charge, control design, electric vehicles (EVs), battery management systems (BMS), Automotive electronics, lithium batteries, Batteries, Lead, Control and Systems Engineering, Computer architecture, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Microprocessors

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