Global maps of soil temperature
Copyright policy )10.1111/gcb.16060 , 10.32942/osf.io/pksqw , 10.3929/ethz-b-000523670 , 10.5445/ir/1000143688 , 10.21256/zhaw-24832 , 10.17863/cam.81331
https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/286285 , 1871.1/b0fc7fdf-22e3-45ef-8d70-30d75b7f5fba , 20.500.11755/f67625de-3e1f-4112-899d-3dae951cfbfc , 11250/2986065 , 11250/2983746 , 10852/91639 , 10037/24329 , 10037/28344 , 20.500.14243/445619 , 10261/358672 , 2066/286285 , 10481/73202 , 10576/30034 , 11250/2979811 , 10067/1859610151162165141 , 10651/64961 , 1983/7aa6df09-efc2-4f70-8bec-268ab675f242 , 11590/476830 , 10449/74200 , 11584/332967 , 11695/119970 , 11697/178559 , 1854/LU-8743335 , 10017/50911 , 11381/2931752 , 11571/1450206 , 10044/1/107406 , 1893/33794 , 10900/135817
10.1111/gcb.16060 , 10.32942/osf.io/pksqw , 10.3929/ethz-b-000523670 , 10.5445/ir/1000143688 , 10.21256/zhaw-24832 , 10.17863/cam.81331
https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/286285 , 1871.1/b0fc7fdf-22e3-45ef-8d70-30d75b7f5fba , 20.500.11755/f67625de-3e1f-4112-899d-3dae951cfbfc , 11250/2986065 , 11250/2983746 , 10852/91639 , 10037/24329 , 10037/28344 , 20.500.14243/445619 , 10261/358672 , 2066/286285 , 10481/73202 , 10576/30034 , 11250/2979811 , 10067/1859610151162165141 , 10651/64961 , 1983/7aa6df09-efc2-4f70-8bec-268ab675f242 , 11590/476830 , 10449/74200 , 11584/332967 , 11695/119970 , 11697/178559 , 1854/LU-8743335 , 10017/50911 , 11381/2931752 , 11571/1450206 , 10044/1/107406 , 1893/33794 , 10900/135817
Global maps of soil temperature
AbstractResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km2resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment France
- Autonomous University of Barcelona Spain
- Goethe University Frankfurt Germany
- National Research Council Italy
- University of Hong Kong China (People's Republic of)
Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil, 791, 550, :Zoology and botany: 480 [VDP], VDP::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480, 551, Q1, Global map, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Soil temperature, MICROCLIMATE, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences, soil-dwelling organism, bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations, weather station, GB, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34836, Geology, Settore BIOS-01/C - Botanica ambientale e applicata, Near-surface soil temperature, international, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 551: Geologie und Hydrologie, Near-surface temperature, Near-surface temperatures, 570, soil temperature, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, 577, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, MITIGATION, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 333, soil, near-surface temperatures, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Climate, bioclimatic variables, Bioclimatic variables, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, temperature offset, global maps, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1344, 577: Ökologie, global map, Biology, Ecosystem, Ekologi, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24894, ddc:550, Biology and Life Sciences, Microclimate, weather stations, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences|Environmental Monitoring, Agriculture and Soil Science, 900, cartographie, microclimate, Klimatvetenskap, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, Weather stations, Temperature offset, 910, Plan_S-Compliant-OA, Soil, bepress|Life Sciences, Geología, Research Articles, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570, changement climatique, Ecology, zone climatique, Bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations, Temperature, Biological Sciences, FOREST, bioclimatologie, Weather station, Chemistry, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Technology and Engineering, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1669, bioclimatic variable, Climate Change, soil-dwelling organisms, MOISTURE, LITTER DECOMPOSITION, PERMAFROST, near-surface temperature, température du sol, SUITABILITY, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, G1, VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480, Global maps, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666, :Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], Soil-dwelling organisms, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550, réchauffement global, Climate Change; Ecosystem; Microclimate; Soil; Temperature; bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9260, P30 - Sciences et aménagement du sol, Aquatic Ecology, Bioclimatic variable, SNOW-COVER, Climate Science, Climate Action, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Soil Science, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Earth sciences, PLANT-RESPONSES, variation saisonnière, CLIMATIC CONTROLS, Soil-dwelling organism, Settore BIOS-05/A - Ecologia, Earth and Environmental Sciences, VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480, VDP::Zoology and botany: 480, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7197, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences
Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil, 791, 550, :Zoology and botany: 480 [VDP], VDP::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480, 551, Q1, Global map, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Soil temperature, MICROCLIMATE, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences, soil-dwelling organism, bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations, weather station, GB, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34836, Geology, Settore BIOS-01/C - Botanica ambientale e applicata, Near-surface soil temperature, international, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 551: Geologie und Hydrologie, Near-surface temperature, Near-surface temperatures, 570, soil temperature, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, 577, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, MITIGATION, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 333, soil, near-surface temperatures, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Climate, bioclimatic variables, Bioclimatic variables, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, temperature offset, global maps, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1344, 577: Ökologie, global map, Biology, Ecosystem, Ekologi, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24894, ddc:550, Biology and Life Sciences, Microclimate, weather stations, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences|Environmental Monitoring, Agriculture and Soil Science, 900, cartographie, microclimate, Klimatvetenskap, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, Weather stations, Temperature offset, 910, Plan_S-Compliant-OA, Soil, bepress|Life Sciences, Geología, Research Articles, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570, changement climatique, Ecology, zone climatique, Bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations, Temperature, Biological Sciences, FOREST, bioclimatologie, Weather station, Chemistry, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Technology and Engineering, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1669, bioclimatic variable, Climate Change, soil-dwelling organisms, MOISTURE, LITTER DECOMPOSITION, PERMAFROST, near-surface temperature, température du sol, SUITABILITY, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, G1, VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480, Global maps, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666, :Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], Soil-dwelling organisms, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550, réchauffement global, Climate Change; Ecosystem; Microclimate; Soil; Temperature; bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9260, P30 - Sciences et aménagement du sol, Aquatic Ecology, Bioclimatic variable, SNOW-COVER, Climate Science, Climate Action, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Soil Science, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Earth sciences, PLANT-RESPONSES, variation saisonnière, CLIMATIC CONTROLS, Soil-dwelling organism, Settore BIOS-05/A - Ecologia, Earth and Environmental Sciences, VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480, VDP::Zoology and botany: 480, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7197, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences
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