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Layered Vanadium Phosphates as Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors: Part III. Inducing Fast Faradaic Reactions with Cu2+ Ions in the Interlayer Space

A novel synthesis approach for Cu0.16VOPO4·2.5H2O material is reported, consisting of VOPO4 layers incorporating water molecules and Cu2+ ions within the interlayer space. The inclusion of Cu2+ ions leads to significant changes in the previously reported electrochemical properties of VOPO4·2H2O. Indeed, copper ion insertion leads to a reduced interlayer space, a higher surface area, and, consequently, to a higher specific charge. Moreover, the appearance of new fast faradaic reactions is depicted from the presence of new redox peaks in cyclic voltammograms. The capacity of this material is 93 Cg−1 in 3 M LiOH, 114 Cg−1 in 3 M NaOH, and 126 Cg−1 in 3 M KOH at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. It was determined that an intercalation process takes place across the entire operational range in all three electrolytes, even at scan rates as high as 500 mVs−1. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for a more comprehensive understanding of the electrochemical role of the interlayer Cu2+ cations. EIS enables us to propose a new mechanism of electron transfer between VOPO4 layers and Cu2+ ion layers, which extends to neighboring layers, thus explaining the fast kinetic of the related faradaic reactions.
[CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, energy storage, electrochemical capacitors, ion intercalation, pseudocapacitive, fast faradaic charge storage process, nanoscale materials, vanadium phosphates
[CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, energy storage, electrochemical capacitors, ion intercalation, pseudocapacitive, fast faradaic charge storage process, nanoscale materials, vanadium phosphates
