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Neuropsychobiology
Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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Development of Novel Tasks to Assess Outcome-Specific and General Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Humans

Authors: Matthew J. Belanger; Hao Chen; Angela Hentschel; Maria Garbusow; Claudia Ebrahimi; Felix G. Knorr; Hilmar G. Zech; +3 Authors

Development of Novel Tasks to Assess Outcome-Specific and General Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Humans

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The emergence of Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) research in the human neurobehavioral domain has been met with increased interest over the past two decades. A variety of PIT tasks were developed during this time; while successful in demonstrating transfer phenomena, existing tasks have limitations that should be addressed. Herein, we introduce two PIT paradigms designed to assess outcome-specific and general PIT within the context of addiction. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> The single-lever PIT task, based on an established paradigm, replaced button presses with joystick motion to better assess avoidance behavior. The full transfer task uses alcohol and nonalcohol rewards associated with Pavlovian cues and instrumental responses, along with other gustatory and monetary rewards. We constructed mixed-effects models with the addition of other statistical analyses as needed to interpret various behavioral measures. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Single-lever PIT: both versions were successful in eliciting a PIT effect (joystick: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.36, button-box: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.30). Full transfer task: it was determined that the alcohol and nonalcoholic reward cues selectively primed their respective reward-associated responses (gustatory version: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, <i>r</i> = 0.59, and monetary version: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, <i>r</i> = 0.84). The appetitive/aversive cues resulted in a general transfer effect (gustatory: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.09, and monetary: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.17). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Single-lever PIT: PIT was observed in both task versions. We posit that the use of a joystick is more advantageous for the analysis of avoidance behavior. It evenly distributes movement between approach and avoid trials, which is relevant to analyzing fMRI data. Full transfer task: While gustatory conditioning has been used in the past to elicit transfer effects, we present the first paradigm that successfully elicits both specific and general transfers in humans with gustatory alcohol rewards.

Country
United Kingdom
Keywords

Transfer, Psychology, Conditioning, Classical, 150, name=Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, 610, Appetitive conditioning, Approach-avoidance, name=Psychiatry and Mental health, Reward, /dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2800/2803, Humans, name=Biological Psychiatry, Gustatory reward, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, Specific Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, Ethanol, /dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/3200/3206, General Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, /dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2700/2738, Full transfer, Conditioning, Operant, Cues

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    impulse
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
5
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
hybrid