Financing Environmental Services in Developing Countries
Financing Environmental Services in Developing Countries
Current international financing (primarily ODA) for environmental services in developing countries is very roughly estimated to be upwards of $21 billion annually (not including climate change financing), but additional resources on the order of tens, if not hundreds, of billions of dollars are needed. In 2009, environmental ODA was estimated at $18 billion with a few billion more delivered through philanthropic and market-based financing channels. Although there are only a few studies of the additional financing needed, and those are relatively narrow in scope, the estimates that are available clearly indicate that significantly higher levels of finance still need to be reached. Additionally, the impacts of environmental finance on environmental sustainability and development objectives are poorly understood. Systematic reviews of previous experience, and standardized monitoring in the future, would support the countries and projects monitored, while also providing important lessons for the broader development and environment communities.
- World Bank United States
- World Bank United States
PRIVATE INVESTMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, DISCOUNT RATES, SOURCE OF FUNDS, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTS, EXTERNALITIES, DEBT INVESTMENT, TRADABLE PERMITS, FISCAL MANAGEMENT, EMISSIONS, NATURAL CAPITAL, CREDIT ANALYSIS, GOVERNMENT POLICY, DONOR SUPPORT, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, RETURNS, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, MORAL HAZARD, PUBLIC SPENDING, CREDIT ENHANCEMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANKS, PRICE FLOOR, REVENUE COLLECTION, WELFARE GAINS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, RISK MITIGATION, FIXED INCOME, SWAPS, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, SOURCES OF FINANCE, DISBURSEMENT, INTERNATIONAL DEBATE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCING, USER FEES, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AUCTIONS, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, PUBLIC GOOD, CLIMATE CHANGE, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, PRIVATE FINANCING, CONSERVATION FINANCE, MICROCREDIT, PRIORITY LENDING, CARBON, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ECONOMIC SYSTEM, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, PORTFOLIO, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, POLITICAL ECONOMY, START-UP, USE VALUE, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, FISCAL POLICY, AIR POLLUTION, NET PROFIT, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, CURRENCY, HOUSEHOLDS, DIVERSIFICATION, BOND, ECONOMIC VALUE, CARBON TAXES, BORROWING, LOAN, FINANCIAL EXPERTISE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, PUBLIC, MICROFINANCE, ECONOMIC DECISION, ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, REDUCING EMISSIONS, REPAYMENT, REVENUE SOURCES, INVESTMENT FUNDS, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMICS, CAPITALIZATION, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, TRADING, WATER USE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, FINANCIAL STRUCTURE, ADVERSE SELECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, INITIAL INVESTMENT, TRANSACTION, MARKET ACCESS, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, INVESTMENT INCOME, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TAX, MICRO-LENDING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, FINANCIAL TRANSFERS, PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT, NON-USE VALUES, TRUST FUND, ECONOMIC REFORMS, CREDIT EXTENSION, LAND MANAGEMENT, PROVISIONING, INSTRUMENT, INVESTING, CASH INFLOWS, SEED FUNDING, PLEDGES, AUDITING, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, PERPETUITY, RISK MANAGEMENT, 330, FUNDING SOURCE, BENEFICIARY, ECOLOGY, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, DECISION MAKING, MARKET MECHANISMS, DEBT INSTRUMENTS, COMPLIANCE COSTS, PUBLIC SECTOR, DEBT, FACILITATION, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM, MFIS, WEALTH CREATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, AUTONOMY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, FINANCING SOURCES, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, EVALUATION CRITERIA, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, PUBLIC FUNDS, FINANCE MINISTRIES, FINANCES, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, WETLANDS, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, CURRENCY RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, HUMAN CAPITAL, PRIVATE INVESTORS, DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION, INSURANCE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, LANDOWNER, INVESTMENT STRATEGY, TREASURY, MARKET CONDITIONS, PUBLIC REVENUES, FISCAL REFORM, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, FINANCIAL COSTS, UTILITIES, SUSTAINABLE USE, CONTRACT DESIGN, MONETARY FUND, PRIVATE FINANCE, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, FORESTRY, DERIVATIVE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, NATURAL RESOURCES, LEVY, SAVINGS, CAPACITY BUILDING, GROUP LENDING, DEFORESTATION, FISHERIES, EXPENDITURE, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, DISCOUNT RATES, SOURCE OF FUNDS, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTS, EXTERNALITIES, DEBT INVESTMENT, TRADABLE PERMITS, FISCAL MANAGEMENT, EMISSIONS, NATURAL CAPITAL, CREDIT ANALYSIS, GOVERNMENT POLICY, DONOR SUPPORT, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, RETURNS, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, MORAL HAZARD, PUBLIC SPENDING, CREDIT ENHANCEMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANKS, PRICE FLOOR, REVENUE COLLECTION, WELFARE GAINS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, RISK MITIGATION, FIXED INCOME, SWAPS, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, SOURCES OF FINANCE, DISBURSEMENT, INTERNATIONAL DEBATE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCING, USER FEES, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AUCTIONS, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, PUBLIC GOOD, CLIMATE CHANGE, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, PRIVATE FINANCING, CONSERVATION FINANCE, MICROCREDIT, PRIORITY LENDING, CARBON, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ECONOMIC SYSTEM, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, PORTFOLIO, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, POLITICAL ECONOMY, START-UP, USE VALUE, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, FISCAL POLICY, AIR POLLUTION, NET PROFIT, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, CURRENCY, HOUSEHOLDS, DIVERSIFICATION, BOND, ECONOMIC VALUE, CARBON TAXES, BORROWING, LOAN, FINANCIAL EXPERTISE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, PUBLIC, MICROFINANCE, ECONOMIC DECISION, ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, REDUCING EMISSIONS, REPAYMENT, REVENUE SOURCES, INVESTMENT FUNDS, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMICS, CAPITALIZATION, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, TRADING, WATER USE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, FINANCIAL STRUCTURE, ADVERSE SELECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, INITIAL INVESTMENT, TRANSACTION, MARKET ACCESS, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, INVESTMENT INCOME, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TAX, MICRO-LENDING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, FINANCIAL TRANSFERS, PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT, NON-USE VALUES, TRUST FUND, ECONOMIC REFORMS, CREDIT EXTENSION, LAND MANAGEMENT, PROVISIONING, INSTRUMENT, INVESTING, CASH INFLOWS, SEED FUNDING, PLEDGES, AUDITING, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, PERPETUITY, RISK MANAGEMENT, 330, FUNDING SOURCE, BENEFICIARY, ECOLOGY, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, DECISION MAKING, MARKET MECHANISMS, DEBT INSTRUMENTS, COMPLIANCE COSTS, PUBLIC SECTOR, DEBT, FACILITATION, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM, MFIS, WEALTH CREATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, AUTONOMY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, FINANCING SOURCES, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, EVALUATION CRITERIA, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, PUBLIC FUNDS, FINANCE MINISTRIES, FINANCES, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, WETLANDS, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, CURRENCY RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, HUMAN CAPITAL, PRIVATE INVESTORS, DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION, INSURANCE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, LANDOWNER, INVESTMENT STRATEGY, TREASURY, MARKET CONDITIONS, PUBLIC REVENUES, FISCAL REFORM, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, FINANCIAL COSTS, UTILITIES, SUSTAINABLE USE, CONTRACT DESIGN, MONETARY FUND, PRIVATE FINANCE, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, FORESTRY, DERIVATIVE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, NATURAL RESOURCES, LEVY, SAVINGS, CAPACITY BUILDING, GROUP LENDING, DEFORESTATION, FISHERIES, EXPENDITURE, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).3 popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.Average influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).Average impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.Average
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