Globalization, Growth, and Distribution: Framing the Questions
Globalization, Growth, and Distribution: Framing the Questions
In the last two decades, across a range of countries high growth rates have reduced poverty but have been accompanied by rising inequality. This paper is motivated by this stylized fact, and by the strong distributional concerns that persist among populations and policy makers alike, despite the poverty reduction observed in official statistics where growth has been sufficiently high. This seeming disconnect frames the questions posed in this paper. Why the disconnect, and what to do about it? It is argued that official poverty statistics may be missing key elements of the ground level reality of distributional evolution, of which rising inequality may be an indirect indicator. Heterogeneity of population means that there may be significant numbers of poor losers from technical change, economic reform and global integration, even when overall measured poverty falls. In terms of actions, attention is drawn to the role of safety nets as generalized compensation mechanisms, to address the ethical and political economy dimensions of such a pattern of distributional evolution. Addressing structural inequalities is also a long term answer with payoffs in terms of equitable growth. In terms of future analysis, diminishing returns have set in to the inequality-growth cross-country regressions literature. Further work to help policy makers should focus on (i) new information to illuminate the disconnect, (ii) analysis and assessment of safety nets as generalized compensation mechanisms, and (iii) addressing specific forms of structural inequality related to assets, gender, and social groupings like caste or ethnicity.
- World Bank United States
- Cornell University United States
- World Bank United States
REAL INCOME, GROWTH RATES, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME, POINT ESTIMATES, GLOBAL POVERTY, POLICY INSTRUMENT, FOOD SUBSIDIES, REDISTRIBUTIVE MEASURES, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, INEQUALITY MEASURES, FOOD POLICY, INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES, POLICY MAKERS, INCOME, MEASURED INEQUALITY, UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION, TRADE OPENNESS, POVERTY RATES, GROUP MEANS, MORAL HAZARD, LOWERING GROWTH RATES, NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP, FARMERS, DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS, POLICY MEASURES, INCOMES, INCOME TRANSFER, MEAN DIFFERENCES, GLOBAL ECONOMY, NEW GROWTH THEORIES, SERIES DATA, RURAL POOR, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, REDUCED POVERTY, INCOME INEQUALITY, LAND INEQUALITY, SOCIAL NORMS, LONG-RUN PERSPECTIVE, POVERTY REDUCTION, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, HIGH GROWTH, CLIMATE CHANGE, TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, ECONOMIC REVIEW, HIGH INEQUALITY, POVERTY OUTCOMES, OPEN ECONOMIES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRO POOR, POLICY PACKAGE, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY MEASURES, POLICY MAKING, PUBLIC ECONOMICS, AVERAGE GROWTH, RISING INEQUALITY, POVERTY INDICES, MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, DECLINING INEQUALITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GROWTH EFFECT, Food Security and Poverty, SAVING RATE, GENDER INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC REFORM, EXCHANGE RATE, POOR PEOPLE, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, EMPIRICAL LITERATURE, EXCHANGE RATE POLICY, POVERTY DATA, POLICY VARIABLES, DECLINING POVERTY, ASSET INEQUALITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, MARKET FAILURES, SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP, DISTRIBUTIVE POLITICS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMICS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, DISTRIBUTIONAL OUTCOMES, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT, RURAL, POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC GOODS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, MEAN INCOME, CROSS-COUNTRY DATA, INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA, INEQUALITY MEASURE, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Political Economy,, CASH TRANSFERS, RICH COUNTRIES, CREDIT MARKET, DIMINISHING RETURNS, INTRAHOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY, MINIMUM LEVEL, FOREIGN TRADE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, POVERTY MEASURE, EQUAL DISTRIBUTION, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, DECREASING INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY DYNAMICS, POOR COUNTRIES, DISTRIBUTIONAL CONCERNS, POSITIVE ROLE, GINI INDEX, POOR, POPULATION GROWTH, SAFETY NETS, CIVIL SOCIETY, DISTRIBUTION DATA, DATA SET, FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, POVERTY-REDUCING IMPACT, Political Economy, IMPORT TARIFFS, COUNTRY REGRESSIONS, GINI COEFFICIENT, TRADE POLICY, RAPID GROWTH, 330, HIGH-INEQUALITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, RELATIVE INEQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, GENDER GAPS, WELL-BEING, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, GROWTH PROCESS, ECONOMICS LETTERS, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, LABOR MARKET, PRO POOR GROWTH, EMPIRICAL WORK, GROUP INEQUALITIES, POVERTY DECLINES, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, ECONOMIC LITERATURE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, POVERTY INCREASE, HEAD COUNT RATIO, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, GROUP INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, SOCIAL POLICY, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, COUNTRY CASE, CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES, INCOME POVERTY, COUNTRY LEVEL, FOOD CONSUMPTION, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POSITIVE EFFECT, CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION, HUMAN CAPITAL, COMPENSATORY POLICIES, INSURANCE, MORTALITY RATES, PRIVATE SECTOR, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES, International Development, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INEQUALITY DECLINES, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, INEQUALITY WILL, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, SOCIAL CONFLICT, POLICY RESEARCH, INCREASING INEQUALITY, GROWTH RATE, COUNTERFACTUAL, COUNTRY DATA, MICRO DATA, NEGATIVE EFFECT, GROWTH MODEL, CONFLICT, FIXED EFFECTS, OLD ISSUES, INEQUALITY-DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP, POVERTY DECLINE, INCOME GAINS, NATURAL RESOURCES, POVERTY DEBATE, SAVINGS, PUBLIC WORKS, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL, HEADCOUNT RATIO, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, LONG RUN, POLICY CHANGES, FALLING POVERTY
REAL INCOME, GROWTH RATES, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME, POINT ESTIMATES, GLOBAL POVERTY, POLICY INSTRUMENT, FOOD SUBSIDIES, REDISTRIBUTIVE MEASURES, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, INEQUALITY MEASURES, FOOD POLICY, INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES, POLICY MAKERS, INCOME, MEASURED INEQUALITY, UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION, TRADE OPENNESS, POVERTY RATES, GROUP MEANS, MORAL HAZARD, LOWERING GROWTH RATES, NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP, FARMERS, DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS, POLICY MEASURES, INCOMES, INCOME TRANSFER, MEAN DIFFERENCES, GLOBAL ECONOMY, NEW GROWTH THEORIES, SERIES DATA, RURAL POOR, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, REDUCED POVERTY, INCOME INEQUALITY, LAND INEQUALITY, SOCIAL NORMS, LONG-RUN PERSPECTIVE, POVERTY REDUCTION, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, HIGH GROWTH, CLIMATE CHANGE, TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, ECONOMIC REVIEW, HIGH INEQUALITY, POVERTY OUTCOMES, OPEN ECONOMIES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRO POOR, POLICY PACKAGE, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY MEASURES, POLICY MAKING, PUBLIC ECONOMICS, AVERAGE GROWTH, RISING INEQUALITY, POVERTY INDICES, MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, DECLINING INEQUALITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GROWTH EFFECT, Food Security and Poverty, SAVING RATE, GENDER INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC REFORM, EXCHANGE RATE, POOR PEOPLE, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, EMPIRICAL LITERATURE, EXCHANGE RATE POLICY, POVERTY DATA, POLICY VARIABLES, DECLINING POVERTY, ASSET INEQUALITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, MARKET FAILURES, SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP, DISTRIBUTIVE POLITICS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMICS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, DISTRIBUTIONAL OUTCOMES, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT, RURAL, POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC GOODS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, MEAN INCOME, CROSS-COUNTRY DATA, INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA, INEQUALITY MEASURE, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Political Economy,, CASH TRANSFERS, RICH COUNTRIES, CREDIT MARKET, DIMINISHING RETURNS, INTRAHOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY, MINIMUM LEVEL, FOREIGN TRADE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, POVERTY MEASURE, EQUAL DISTRIBUTION, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, DECREASING INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY DYNAMICS, POOR COUNTRIES, DISTRIBUTIONAL CONCERNS, POSITIVE ROLE, GINI INDEX, POOR, POPULATION GROWTH, SAFETY NETS, CIVIL SOCIETY, DISTRIBUTION DATA, DATA SET, FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, POVERTY-REDUCING IMPACT, Political Economy, IMPORT TARIFFS, COUNTRY REGRESSIONS, GINI COEFFICIENT, TRADE POLICY, RAPID GROWTH, 330, HIGH-INEQUALITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, RELATIVE INEQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, GENDER GAPS, WELL-BEING, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, GROWTH PROCESS, ECONOMICS LETTERS, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, LABOR MARKET, PRO POOR GROWTH, EMPIRICAL WORK, GROUP INEQUALITIES, POVERTY DECLINES, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, ECONOMIC LITERATURE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, POVERTY INCREASE, HEAD COUNT RATIO, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, GROUP INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, SOCIAL POLICY, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, COUNTRY CASE, CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES, INCOME POVERTY, COUNTRY LEVEL, FOOD CONSUMPTION, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POSITIVE EFFECT, CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION, HUMAN CAPITAL, COMPENSATORY POLICIES, INSURANCE, MORTALITY RATES, PRIVATE SECTOR, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES, International Development, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INEQUALITY DECLINES, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, INEQUALITY WILL, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, SOCIAL CONFLICT, POLICY RESEARCH, INCREASING INEQUALITY, GROWTH RATE, COUNTERFACTUAL, COUNTRY DATA, MICRO DATA, NEGATIVE EFFECT, GROWTH MODEL, CONFLICT, FIXED EFFECTS, OLD ISSUES, INEQUALITY-DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP, POVERTY DECLINE, INCOME GAINS, NATURAL RESOURCES, POVERTY DEBATE, SAVINGS, PUBLIC WORKS, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL, HEADCOUNT RATIO, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, LONG RUN, POLICY CHANGES, FALLING POVERTY
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