FPGA-Based Implementation of MMC Control Based on Sorting Networks
Copyright policy )FPGA-Based Implementation of MMC Control Based on Sorting Networks
In Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) applications, the balancing of the capacitor voltages is one of the most important issues for achieving the proper behavior of the MMC. The Capacitor Voltage Balancing (CVB) control is usually based on classical sorting algorithms which consist of repetitive/recursive loops. This leads to an increase of the execution time when many Sub-Modules (SMs) are employed. When the execution time of the balancing is longer than the sampling period, the proper operation of the MMC cannot be ensured. Moreover, due to their inherent sequential operation, sorting algorithms are suitable for software implementation (microcontrollers or DSPs), but they are not appropriate for a hardware implementation. Instead, in this paper, Sorting Networks (SNs) are proposed due to their convenience for implementation in FPGA devices. The advantages and the main challenges of the Bitonic SN in MMC applications are discussed and different FPGA implementations are presented. Simulation results are provided in normal and faulty conditions. Moreover, a comparison with the widely used bubble sorting algorithm and max/min approach is made in terms of execution time and performance. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop results are shown to prove the effectiveness of the implemented SN.
Modular multilevel converters, Technology, sorting networks, Capacitor voltage balancing, field-programmable gate array, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], capacitor voltage balancing, T, Sorting networks, modular multilevel converters, Capacitor voltage balancing; Field-programmable gate array; Modular multilevel converters; Sorting networks; Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment; Energy Engineering and Power Technology; Energy (miscellaneous); Control and Optimization; Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Field-programmable gate array, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], modular multilevel converters; capacitor voltage balancing; sorting networks; field-programmable gate array
Modular multilevel converters, Technology, sorting networks, Capacitor voltage balancing, field-programmable gate array, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], capacitor voltage balancing, T, Sorting networks, modular multilevel converters, Capacitor voltage balancing; Field-programmable gate array; Modular multilevel converters; Sorting networks; Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment; Energy Engineering and Power Technology; Energy (miscellaneous); Control and Optimization; Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Field-programmable gate array, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], modular multilevel converters; capacitor voltage balancing; sorting networks; field-programmable gate array
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