Industrial exhausted heat can be used as the heat source of central heating for higher energy efficiency. To recover more industrial exhausted heat, a new low-temperature central heating system integrated with industrial exhausted heat using distributed electric compression heat pumps is put forward and analyzed from the aspect of thermodynamics and economics. The roles played by the distributed electric compression heat pumps in improving both thermal performance and financial benefit of the central heating system integrated with industrial exhausted heat are greater than those by the centralized electric compression heat pumps. The proposed low-temperature central heating system has higher energy efficiency, better financial benefit, and longer economical distance of transmitting exhausted heat, and thus, its configuration is optimal. For the proposed low-temperature central heating system, the annual coefficient of performance, annual product exergy efficiency, heating cost, and payback period are about 22.2, 59.4%, 42.83 ¥/GJ, and 6.2 years, respectively, when the distance of transmitting exhausted heat and the price of exhausted heat are 15 km and 15 ¥/GJ, respectively. The economical distance of transmitting exhausted heat of the proposed low-temperature central heating system could approach 25.1 km.