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Energies
Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Energies
Article . 2022
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Quantification Methodology of Ammonia Produced from Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Nitrogen/Nitrate Reduction

Authors: Wahyu Prasetyo Utomo; Hao Wu; Yun Hau Ng;

Quantification Methodology of Ammonia Produced from Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Nitrogen/Nitrate Reduction

Abstract

Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) provide a potential sustainable route by which to produce ammonia, a next-generation energy carrier. Many studies have been conducted over the years, mainly emphasizing material design and strategies to improve catalytic performance. Despite significant achievements in material design and corresponding fundamental knowledge, the produced ammonia is still very limited, which makes it prone to bias. The presence of interferants (e.g., cations and sacrificial reagents), the pH of the solution, and improper analytical procedure can lead to the over or underestimation of ammonia quantification. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate ammonia quantification method, which meets the sample solution condition, along with the proper analytical procedures, is of great importance. In this review, the state-of-the-art ammonia quantification method is summarized, emphasizing the advantages, limitations, and practicality for NRR and NO3−RR studies. Fundamental knowledge of the quantification method is introduced. Perspective on the considerations for selecting the suitable quantification method and for performing the quantification process is also provided. Although non exhaustive, this focused review can be useful as a guide to design the experimental setup and procedure for more reliable ammonia quantification results.

Keywords

Technology, T, detection, nitrogen reduction, ammonia, quantification, nitrate reduction

  • BIP!
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    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    19
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
19
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
gold