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Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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Deep Q-Learning Based Adaptive MAC Protocol with Collision Avoidance and Efficient Power Control for UWSNs

Authors: Wazir Ur Rahman; Qiao Gang; Feng Zhou; Muhammad Tahir; Wasiq Ali; Muhammad Adil; Muhammad Ilyas Khattak;

Deep Q-Learning Based Adaptive MAC Protocol with Collision Avoidance and Efficient Power Control for UWSNs

Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) widely used for maritime object detection or for monitoring of oceanic parameters that plays vital role prediction of tsunami to life-cycle of marine species by deploying sensor nodes at random locations. However, the dynamic and unpredictable underwater environment poses significant challenges in communication, including interference, collisions, and energy inefficiency. In changing underwater environment to make routing possible among nodes or/and base station (BS) an adaptive receiver-initiated deep adaptive with power control and collision avoidance MAC (DAWPC-MAC) protocol is proposed to address the challenges of interference, collisions, and energy inefficiency. The proposed framework is based on Deep Q-Learning (DQN) to optimize network performance by enhancing collision avoidance in a varying sensor locations, conserving energy in changing path loss with respect to time and depth and reducing number of relaying nodes to make communication reliable and ensuring synchronization. The dynamic and unpredictable underwater environment, shaped by variations in environmental parameters such as temperature (T) with respect to latitude, longitude, and depth, is carefully considered in the design of the proposed MAC protocol. Sensor nodes are enabled to adaptively schedule wake-up times and efficiently control transmission power to communicate with other sensor nodes and/or courier node plays vital role in routing for data collection and forwarding. DAWPC-MAC ensures energy-efficient and reliable time-sensitive data transmission, improving the packet delivery rati (PDR) by 14%, throughput by over 70%, and utility by more than 60% compared to existing methods like TDTSPC-MAC, DC-MAC, and ALOHA MAC. These enhancements significantly contribute to network longevity and operational efficiency in time-critical underwater applications.

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Keywords

MAC protocol, Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering, underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN), VM1-989, Deep Q-learning (DQN), collision avoidance, GC1-1581, Oceanography, energy efficiency, throughput

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    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    3
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold
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