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Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany

Vehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in Germany alone already, the flexibility potential to balance out fluctuating renewable generation or compensate for grid constraints is large. While many actors are working to enable this market, the readiness of hardware and regulations as well as the potential volume are hard to grasp. This paper provides an overview of these factors for Europe with a special focus on Germany. We find that some countries started to implement regulatory frameworks but none are ready yet. Issues include taxation, the fulfillment of grid codes, and the lack of smart meters. In terms of vehicles, 25 manufacturers with bidirectional charging ability were identified, but most vehicles were only used in field tests or operate in island mode. In terms of charging infrastructure, the picture is brighter with at least 20 manufacturers that offer DC bidirectional charging stations and 2 offering an AC variant.
- Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance Germany
- RWTH Aachen University Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster Germany
market readiness, bidirectional charging, TL1-4050, 600, TJ1-1570, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600, vehicle-to-grid, Mechanical engineering and machinery, TJ227-240, Machine design and drawing, electric vehicles, Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
market readiness, bidirectional charging, TL1-4050, 600, TJ1-1570, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600, vehicle-to-grid, Mechanical engineering and machinery, TJ227-240, Machine design and drawing, electric vehicles, Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).7 popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.Average influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).Average impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10%
