This paper deals with artificial neural network (ANN) applied to control a standalone microgrid in French Guiana. ANN is an artificial intelligence technique used to control non-linear and complex systems. ANN associated with the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm has many advantages, such as rapid decision-making and improved system transients. Therefore, this technique should be adapted for the control of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the tropical climate of French Guiana with high variation in irradiance. The microgrid is composed of a PV source and a storage battery to supply an isolated building which is modeled by a DC load. The PV source is controlled by an ANN-based MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) controller. To validate our ANN-MPPT, we compared it with one of the very popular MPPT algorithms, which is the P&O-MPPT algorithm. The comparison results show that our ANN-MPPT works well because it can find the maximum power point quickly. In the case of battery control, we tested two feed-forward backpropagation neural network (FFBNN) configurations called method1 and method2 associated with the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. We varied the number of hidden layers in each of these two FFBNN configurations to obtain the optimal number of hidden layers for each configuration which optimizes battery control. Method1 is chosen because it is better than method2, in a sense that it respects the maximum amplitude of the battery current for our application and improves the transient regimes of this current. This best configuration (method1) is then tested with two other learning algorithms for comparison: Bayesian regularization (BR) and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) methods. The system performance with LM algorithm is better than SCG and BR algorithms. LM algorithm improves the performance of the system in transient regimes while the results obtained with the SGG and BR algorithms are similar. Then, we focused on the advantage of using ANN control compared to the conventional proportional integral control (PI control). The comparison results showed that ANN control associated with the LM algorithm (ANN-LM) made it possible to reduce battery current peaks by 26% in transient regimes compared to conventional PI control. Finally, we present and discuss the results of our simulation obtained with the MATLAB Simulink software.