This report presents the findings and recommendations from a gender assessment and learning review of IFAD’s Adaptation in Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP). This review is a reality-check into how ASAP-supported projects are translating project design commitments to gender equality and women’s empowerment into implementation practice. It is intended to provide reflections on how implementation practice is likely to contribute to outcomes for gender equality and women’s empowerment. The Paris Climate Agreement of 2015 provides clear recognition of the obligations of all parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to human rights, gender equality, empowerment of women, and intergenerational equity. The agreement states, for example: “Parties acknowledge that adaptation should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach” (p.25). At the same time, the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that comprise the substance of the commitments that underpin the Paris Agreement, and related climate policy frameworks and plans (e.g. the National Adaptation Plans), are weak and inconsistent in integrating an understanding of gender equality and women’s empowerment and the ways in which gender differences matter for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The challenges and opportunities for agriculture when it comes to both climate change adaptation and mitigation loom large in the NDCs and the NAPs. For some years, key organizations and donors in small-scale agriculture and rural livelihoods have worked hard to understand the specific challenges that women as well as men face in increasing incomes, productivity, resilience and food and nutrition security. Organizational policies, guidelines and investments have been developed to address the challenges of providing clear access for women and men to opportunities for economic empowerment, and commitments have been made to support progress towards gender equality through investments in development ...