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Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
Article . 1951 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
Article . 1951 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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A Characterization of 3-Space by Partitionings

Authors: R. H. Bing;

A Characterization of 3-Space by Partitionings

Abstract

While it is apparent that any Euclidean n-sphere can be partitioned, it was shown only recently that any compact locally connected metric continuum is partitionable('). In this paper it is shown how a 3-sphere can be characterized in terms of its partitionings. Definitions and notation. We designate Euclidean n-space by En. The unit n-sphere with center at the origin in En+' is designated by S8. A continuum is called a simple closed curve, simple surface (or 2-sphere), or 3-sphere according as it is topologically equivalent to SI, S2, or S3. While a 3-sphere may be regarded as the set of points in E4 with coordinates (x, y, z, w) satisfying x2+y2+z2+w2= 1, we prefer to think of it as El plus a point added in such a fashion that the exterior of a cube is topologically equivalent to its interior. A simple surface C in El is called tame if there is a homeomorphism of E3 into itself that carries C into S2. If there is no such homeomorphism, C is called wild. We shall suppose that space S is metric, compact, locally connected, and connected. A partitioning of S is a collection of mutually exclusive open sets whose sum is dense in S. A sequence G1, G2, * * * of partitionings is a decreasing sequence of partitionings if Gj+1 is a refinement of Gi and the maximum of the diameters of the elements of Gi approaches 0 as i increases without limit. A partitioning is regular if each of its elements is the interior of the closure of this element. A regular partitioning G is a brick partitioning if each element of G is uniformly locally connected and the interior of the closure of the sum of each pair of elements of G is uniformly locally connected. We know that S has a decreasing sequence of brick partitionings(2). The boundary of a set A will be denoted by F(A). Characterization of a 3-sphere. A 3-sphere may be partitioned in many ways. The boundaries of some elements of a partitioning may be simple surfaces, the boundaries of others may be tori, and those of some may not even

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
18
Average
Top 1%
Average