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Nanosecond-level time synchronization of autonomous radio detector stations for extensive air showers

Authors: Christine Peters; Radomir Smida; F. Werner; S. Le Coz; D. Rogozin; G. Toma; Vincenzo Rizi; +193 Authors

Nanosecond-level time synchronization of autonomous radio detector stations for extensive air showers

Abstract

To exploit the full potential of radio measurements of cosmic-ray air showers at MHz frequencies, a detector timing synchronization within 1 ns is needed. Large distributed radio detector arrays such as the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) rely on timing via the Global Positioning System (GPS) for the synchronization of individual detector station clocks. Unfortunately, GPS timing is expected to have an accuracy no better than about 5 ns. In practice, in particular in AERA, the GPS clocks exhibit drifts on the order of tens of ns. We developed a technique to correct for the GPS drifts, and an independent method is used for cross-checks that indeed we reach nanosecond-scale timing accuracy by this correction. First, we operate a "beacon transmitter" which emits defined sine waves detected by AERA antennas recorded within the physics data. The relative phasing of these sine waves can be used to correct for GPS clock drifts. In addition to this, we observe radio pulses emitted by commercial airplanes, the position of which we determine in real time from Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcasts intercepted with a software-defined radio. From the known source location and the measured arrival times of the pulses we determine relative timing offsets between radio detector stations. We demonstrate with a combined analysis that the two methods give a consistent timing calibration with an accuracy of 2 ns or better. Consequently, the beacon method alone can be used in the future to continuously determine and correct for GPS clock drifts in each individual event measured by AERA.

26 pages. Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI

Countries
France, Netherlands, Italy, Netherlands, Australia, Italy, Italy, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Italy, Italy, Australia, Italy, Slovenia, Italy, Italy, Netherlands
Keywords

sources, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 539.1, GPS, Astronomy, Calibration and fitting methods; Cluster finding; Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams); Pattern recognition; Timing detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, kozmični žarki ekstremnih energij, 530, Timing detectors, 333, particle beams), High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), cluster finding, [ PHYS.HEXP ] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Pattern recognition, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], High Energy Physics, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Calibration and fitting methods, metoda svetilnik, Physics, ddc:530, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Cluster finding, timing detectors, particle-beams), 2207 Física Atómica y Nuclear, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), calibration and fitting methods, detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, AERA, Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, Experimental High Energy Physics, Física nuclear, Calibration and fitting methods; Cluster finding; Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams); Pattern recognition; Timing detectors; Instrumentation; Mathematical Physics, Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods; Timing detectors; Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams)

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
24
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
Green
bronze