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A method to stabilise the performance of negatively fed KM3NeT photomultipliers

descriptionPublicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Conference object 19 Dec 2016 Germany, Italy, Italy, Greece, France, Spain, Italy, Italy, Spain, Spain, Italy, Italy, Spain, Italy, Italy, Italy, Italy, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Italy, Italy Publisher:IOP PublishingJournal:Journal of Instrumentation, volume 11, pages P12014-P12014 (eissn: 1748-0221,

Authors: Adrián-Martínez, S.; Ageron, M.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E. G.; Andre, M.; +193 Authors

Adrián-Martínez, S.; Ageron, M.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E. G.; Andre, M.; Androulakis, G.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Ardid, M.; Avgitas, T.; Barbarino, G.; Barbarito, E.; Baret, B.; Barrios-Martí, J.; Belias, A.; Berbee, E.; Berg, A. van Den; Bertin, V.; Beurthey, S.; Beveren, V. Van; Beverini, N.; Biagi, S.; Biagioni, A.; Billault, M.; Bondì, M.; Bormuth, R.; Bouhadef, B.; Bourlis, G.; Bourret, S.; Boutonnet, C.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Buis, E.; Buompane, R.; Busto, J.; Cacopardo, G.; Caillat, L.; Calamai, M.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Cecchini, S.; Celli, S.; Champion, C.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarelli, L.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Classen, L.; Cobas, D.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J.A.B.; Coleiro, A.; Colonges, S.; Coniglione, R.; Cordelli, M.; Cosquer, A.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; d'Amato, C.; d'Amico, A.; d'Onofrio, A.; Bonis, G. De; Sio, C. De; Capua, F. Di; Palma, I. Di; Distefano, C.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q.; Drakopoulou, E.; Drouhin, D.; Durocher, M.; Eberl, T.; Eichie, S.; Eijk, D. Van; Bojaddaini, I. El; Elsaesser, D.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Favaro, M.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Frascadore, G.; Furini, M.; Fusco, L.A.; Gal, T.; Galatà, S.; Garufi, F.; Gay, P.; Gebyehu, M.; Giacomini, F.; Gialanella, L.; Giordano, V.; Gizani, N.; Gracia, R.; Graf, K.; Grégoire, T.; Grella, G.; Grmek, A.; Guerzoni, M.; Habel, R.; Hallmann, S.; Haren, H. Van; Harissopulos, S.; Heid, T.; Heijboer, A.; Heine, E.; Henry, S.; Hernández-Rey, J.J.; Hevinga, M.; Hofestädt, J.; Hugon, C.M.F.; Illuminati, G.; James, C.W.; Jansweijer, P.; Jongen, M.; Jong, M. De; Kadler, M.; Kalekin, O.; Kappes, A.; Katz, U.F.; Keller, P.; Kieft, G.; Kiessling, D.; Koffeman, E.N.; Kooijman, P.; Kouchner, A.; Kreter, M.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Lamare, P.; Leisos, A.; Leonora, E.; Clark, M. Lindsey; Liolios, A.; Alvarez, C.D. Llorens; Presti, D. Lo; Löhner, H.; Lonardo, A.; Lotze, M.; Loucatos, S.; Maccioni, E.; Mannheim, K.; Manzali, M.; Margiotta, A.; Margotti, A.; Marinelli, A.; Mariš, O.; Markou, C.; Martínez-Mora, J.A.; Martini, A.; Marzaioli, F.; Mele, R.; Melis, K.W.; Michael, T.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Mijakowski, P.; Miraglia, A.; Mollo, C.M.; Mongelli, M.; Morganti, M.; Moussa, A.; Musico, P.; Musumeci, M.; Nicolau, C.A.; Olcina, I.; Olivetto, C.; Orlando, A.; Orzelli, A.; Pancaldi, G.; Paolucci, A.; Papaikonomou, A.; Papaleo, R.; Păvălaš, G.E.; Peek, H.; Pellegrini, G.; Pellegrino, C.; Perrina, C.; Pfutzner, M.; Piattelli, P.; Pikounis, K.; Poma, G.E.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Pratolongo, F.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quinn, L.; Racca, C.; Raffaelli, F.; Randazzo, N.; Real, D.; Resvanis, L.;

A method to stabilise the performance of negatively fed KM3NeT photomultipliers

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Abstract

The KM3NeT research infrastructure, currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, will host neutrino telescopes for the identification of neutrino sources in the Universe and for studies of the neutrino mass hierarchy. These telescopes will house hundreds of thousands of photomultiplier tubes that will have to be operated in a stable and reliable fashion. In this context, the stability of the dark counts has been investigated for photomultiplier tubes with negative high voltage on the photocathode and held in insulating support structures made of 3D printed nylon material. Small gaps between the rigid support structure and the photomultiplier tubes in the presence of electric fields can lead to discharges that produce dark count rates that are highly variable. A solution was found by applying the same insulating varnish as used for the high voltage bases directly to the outside of the photomultiplier tubes. This transparent conformal coating provides a convenient and inexpensive method of insulation.

Countries

Germany, Italy, Italy, Greece, France, Spain, Italy, Italy, Spain, Spain, Italy, Italy, Spain, Italy, Italy, Italy, Italy, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Italy, Italy

Related Organizations

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Spain
University of Valencia
Spain
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
Italy
UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES
France
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Greece

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Keywords

Instrument optimisation, PROTOTYPE, photomultiplier; coating; KM3NeT; neutrino telescope, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, Instrument optimization; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathodes); Instrumentation; Mathematical Physics, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 530, Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathode, Partícules (Física nuclear), [SDU.ASTR.IM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física::Astronomia i astrofísica, Neutrins, Neutrino detectors, Neutrinos, Photon detectors for UV, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Detectors òptics, Optical detectors, OPT - Optics, TS - Technical Sciences, Visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], :Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física, Instrument optimisation; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors, [ SDU.ASTR.IM ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Instrument optimization, 520, Neutrino astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Instrument optimization; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathodes), To be checked by Faculty, FISICA APLICADA, :Física::Astronomia i astrofísica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], solid-photocathodes), Nano Technology, Electronics

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