• Energy Research
• GB close
• AT close
• PL close
• English close
• Aurora Universities Network close

Herbivory assessments were made at the plant community and species levels. We focused on three plant species with a widespread occurrence across the temperature gradient: cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis, Linnaeus), common mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum, Baumgerten), and marsh violet (Viola palustris, Linnaeus). For assessments of invertebrate herbivory at the species level, thirty individuals per species of C. pratensis, C. fontanum, and V. palustris were marked in each of ten plots, using a stratified random sampling method where individuals were randomly selected, but the full range of within-plot soil temperatures was represented. For assessments of invertebrate herbivory at the community level, five 50 × 50 cm quadrats were marked at random points in eight of the plots that best captured the full temperature gradient. The community-level herbivory assessment was conducted on 19th June. The number of damaged plants was recorded out of 100 random individuals, selected using a 10 × 10 grid within each 50 × 50 cm quadrat. For the species-level herbivory assessment, individual marked plants were surveyed for signs of invertebrate herbivory every two weeks from 30th May to 2nd July, generating three time-points per species. At each survey, all marked individuals for each species were assessed within a 48-hour period. Plants were recorded as damaged or not damaged by invertebrate herbivores at each time-point. Further details of how phenological stage of development, vegetation community composition, soil temperature, moisture, pH, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate were recorded are provided in the supporting documentation. This is a dataset of environmental data, vegetation cover, and community- and species-level invertebrate herbivory, sampled at 14 experimental soil plots in the Hengill geothermal valley, Iceland, from May to July 2017. The plots span a temperature gradient of 5-35 °C on average over the sampling period, yet they occur within 1 km of each other and have similar soil moisture, pH, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.AerChemMIP.HAMMOZ-Consortium.MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MPI-ESM1.2-HAM climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: aerosol: HAM2.3, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T63; 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 47 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), atmosChem: sulfur chemistry (unnamed), land: JSBACH 3.20, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (bipolar GR1.5, approximately 1.5deg; 256 x 220 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-12 m), ocnBgchem: HAMOCC6, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run by the ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Max Planck Institut fur Meteorologie, Germany; Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany; University of Oxford, UK; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Germany; Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM) at ETH Zurich, Switzerland (HAMMOZ-Consortium) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 250 km, ocnBgchem: 250 km, seaIce: 250 km.

The response of the single-celled ciliates to increased temperature during global warming is critical for the structure and functioning of freshwater food webs. I conducted a meta-analysis of the literature from field studies and experimental evidence to assess the parameters characterising the thermal response of freshwater ciliates. The shape of the thermal performance curve predicts the ciliates’ survival at supraoptimal temperatures (i.e., the width of the thermal safety margin, TSM). The ciliates’ typical TSM is ~5°C. One-third of the freshwater ciliates dwelling permanently or occasionally in the pelagial cannot survive at temperatures exceeding 30°C. Likewise, cold-stenothermic species, which represent a significant fraction of euplanktonic ciliates, cannot survive by evolutionary adaptation to rapidly warming environments. The statistical analysis revealed that the ciliates’ thermal performance is affected by their planktonic lifestyle (euplanktonic versus tychoplanktonic), ability to form cysts, and nutritional ecology. Bactivorous ciliates have the widest temperature niche, and algivorous ciliates have the narrowest temperature niche. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation, favouring the selection of pre-adapted species in a new environment, are widespread among freshwater ciliates. However, the lack of evidence for the temperature optima and imprecisely defined tolerance limits of most species hamper the present analysis. The extent of acclimation and adaptation requires further research with more ciliate species than the few chosen thus far. Recent eco-evolutionary experimental work and modelling approaches demonstrated that the ciliates’ thermal responses follow general trends predicted by the metabolic theory of ecology and mechanistic functions inherent in enzyme kinetics. The present analysis identified current knowledge gaps and avenues for future research that may serve as a model study for other biota. Thermal adaptation may conflict with adaptation to other stressors (predators, food availability, pH), making general predictions on the future role of freshwater ciliates in a warmer environment difficult, if not impossible, at the moment. # Data from: Thermal response of freshwater ciliates: can they survive at elevated lake temperatures? [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jdfn2z3jr](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jdfn2z3jr) The dataset results from a meta-analysis to assess the parameters characterising the thermal response of freshwater ciliates (i.e., minimum and maximum temperature tolerated, temperature niche breadth). Cyst formation, the nutritional type, and the planktonic lifestyle were considered as factors affecting the ciliates’ thermal performance. ## Description of the data and file structure The main dataset reporting ciliate species and synonyms, taxonomic affiliation, minimum and maximum temperature and the temperature range tolerated, cysts formation, mixotrophic nutrition, food type, and planktonic lifestyle are reported in the 'Dataset_v4.xlsx' file. This is the main document. Taxonomic affiliation (i.e., order) following Adl et al. (2019, reference [65]J, the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, and Lynn (2008; reference [66]). Details on the references - i.e., authors, publication year, title, journal/book, volume, and page/article numbers used to compile this dataset and some comments can be found in 'References.xlsx'. Empty cells mean that information is unavailable. References A-E are the main sources of the dataset, i.e., comprehensive review articles published by W. Foissner and colleagues in the 1990s. References 1-64 are case studies, published mainly after 1999. References 65 and 66 refer to the taxonomic affiliation of the ciliate species. More details about each column of the main document can be found in the 'Units_table.xlsx' file. ## Sharing/Access information Data was derived from the following sources: * ISI Web of Science (All Data Bases) * Google Scholar ## Code/Software R statistical software (v 4.0.5, R Core Team 2021) with the packages lme4, lmtest, multcomp, AICcmodavg. WebPlotDigitizer (Version 4.6) for data extraction from figures ## Version changes **06-aug-2024**: Taxonomic affiliation (order) corrected according to GBIF. Genus *Tintinnidium* is now in the order Oligotrichida. I scrutinised the detailed literature compilations by Foissner and colleagues published in the 1990s; these references are listed as primary sources A-E in the Dataset, see References.xlsx and README.txt) to obtain an overview of the thermal performance, resting cyst formation, and nutritional ecology of planktonic freshwater ciliates. I then searched the ISI Web of Science (All Data Bases) for updates and cross-references of Foissner’s works and further temperature records from (mainly) field studies. Search terms (in all fields) for the latter were ciliate* AND temperature NOT marine NOT ocean NOT soil NOT parasit* (1,339 hits). I followed the PRISMA guidelines in combination with EndNote 20 to filter out the records eligible for screening and analysis. Temperature data for assessing the minimum (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax) of occurrence were eventually extracted from 68 publications. However, because Foissner’s works present extensive reviews, the actual number of publications used for the analysis is much higher. The final dataset obtained from field studies comprised 206 ciliate species. Next, I searched the ISI Web of Science for experimental results, using ciliate* AND temperature AND growth rate* NOT marine as search terms (218 records). Removing results from unsuitable research areas (mainly from medical research) reduced the records to 71 publications, which were screened. The combination of ciliate* AND numerical response NOT marine yielded 40 studies, ciliate* AND thermal performance 21 hits. I checked the selected articles for citations and cross-references using Google Scholar to identify any publications that might have slipped my attention. Eventually, I picked experimental results from 18 studies. If the literature data were only shown in figures, I extracted the data from the plots with WebPlotDigitizer (Version 4.6). I analysed the dataset with the R Statistical Software using the packages lme4, lmerTest, stats, multcomp, AICcmodavg and car.

Contrasting physiological mortality with predator-induced mortality is of tremendous importance for the population dynamics of many organisms but is difficult to assess. I performed a meta-analysis using planktonic ciliates as model organisms to estimate the maximum physiological mortality rates (δmax) across pelagic ecosystems in relation to environmental and biotic factors. Data were compiled from published numerical response (NR) experiments and experimentally determined rates of decline (ROD). Variables reported are ciliate species and order, ciliate specific growth rates (rmax), prey species, temperature, habitat (marine vs freshwater), the coefficients of the numerical response experiments, and reported or calculated ciliate mortality rates. The median δmax of planktonic ciliates was 0.62 d−1 and did not differ between marine and freshwater species. Maximum ciliate mortality rates were species-specific and affected by their rmax, cell volume, and ability to encyst. Cyst-forming species had, on average, higher δmax than species unable to encyst. Maximum mortality rates of ciliates were positively related to rmax but appeared unaffected by temperature. I conclude that (i) in the ocean, physiological mortality is more critical for controlling ciliate population size than ciliate losses imposed by microcrustacean predation, but (ii) in many lakes, the opposite holds; (iii) cyst-formation is an effective ciliate trait to cope with the high mortality of motile cells upon starvation. The lack of a temperature effect on δmax deserves further study; if correct, planktonic ciliates may take advantage of rising ocean and lake temperatures, with important implications for the pelagic food web. I used ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar to search for experiments that measured growth and mortality rates of ciliates as a function of prey concentration (i.e. numerical responses). The search terms were “growth (rate)” or “numerical response” in combination with “ciliate*” to search for numerical response experiments and “starvation” or “starved” in combination with “ciliate*” to search for mortality experiments. In addition, I searched the literature cited in these publications for further datasets. I considered only planktonic ciliates. When studies did not report all parameters of the NR curve, the data were extracted from figures with DataThief III or WebPlotDigitizer (Version 4.6) and fitted with a modified Michaelis-Menten equation that included the threshold prey concentration (P’) as an additional parameter. Mortality rates obtained by ROD experiments used the δmax reported in the respective study or calculated δmax from the maximum rate of decline after digitizing the data from the original curves, as described above. The literature search yielded δmax reported from 41 studies investigating 56 species or strains in 81 NR experiments and 19 ROD experiments. The final dataset (n = 77) included 37 studies and 48 species. I analyzed the dataset using the R Statistical Software using the packages lme4, lmerTest, AICcmodavg, and MuMIn. # Physiological mortality rates of planktonic ciliates ## Description of the Data and file structure I used ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar to search for experiments that measured growth and mortality rates of ciliates as a function of prey concentration (i.e. numerical responses). The main dataset containing available experimental studies reporting ciliate species, experimental temperature, prey species, ciliate maximum growth rates, ciliate cell volumes, habitat of ciliate isolation, method of study and reported or calculated ciliate mortality rates are reported in the 'Dataset_v2.xlsx' file. This is the main document. Missing data codes: N.A. = not available; n/a = not applicable. More details about each column of the main document can be found in the 'Units_table.xlsx' file. Details on the references - i.e. authors, publication year, title, journal/book, volume and page/article numbers - used to compile this dataset can be found in 'References.xlsx'. ## Sharing/access Information The individual data were derived mainly from the ISI Web of Science. The data compilation is novel. Excel, R

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.HAMMOZ-Consortium.MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM.historical' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MPI-ESM1.2-HAM climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: aerosol: HAM2.3, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T63; 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 47 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), atmosChem: sulfur chemistry (unnamed), land: JSBACH 3.20, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (bipolar GR1.5, approximately 1.5deg; 256 x 220 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-12 m), ocnBgchem: HAMOCC6, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run by the ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Max Planck Institut fur Meteorologie, Germany; Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany; University of Oxford, UK; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Germany; Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM) at ETH Zurich, Switzerland (HAMMOZ-Consortium) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 250 km, ocnBgchem: 250 km, seaIce: 250 km.

Triploidy could prevent escaped farm salmon breeding in the wild, while also improving nutrient quality within farmed fillets. Despite these potential advantages, triploid Atlantic salmon have not been widely used in aquaculture, and their reproductive function has yet to be fully evaluated. Here, we compare reproductive function and fillet composition between triploid and diploid farm salmon under standard aquaculture rearing conditions. We show that female triploids are sterile and do not develop gonads. In contrast, males produce large numbers of motile spermatozoa capable of fertilising wild salmon eggs. However, compared with diploids, reproductive development and survival rates of eggs fertilised by triploid males were significantly reduced, with less than 1% of eggs sired by triploid males reaching late eyed stages of development. Analyses of fillets showed that total lipid and fatty acid quantities were significantly lower in triploid compared to diploid Atlantic salmon fillets. However, when fatty acids were normalized to total lipid content, triploid fillets had significantly higher relative levels of important omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Our results show that: (1) escaped triploid farm salmon are very unlikely to reproduce in the wild; and (2) if able to match diploid fillet lipid content, triploid farm salmon could achieve better fillet quality in terms of essential fatty acids. Comparisons between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmonExcel file containing all the data collected during the investigation into the reproductive maturation of triploid Atlantic salmon, their fatty acid biochemistry and how they compare to diploid conspecifics

Monocultural rubber plantations have replaced tropical forest, causing biodiversity loss. While protecting intact or semi-intact biodiverse forest is paramount, improving biodiversity value within the 11.4 million hectares of existing rubber plantations could offer important conservation benefits, if yields are also maintained. Some farmers practice agroforestry with high-yielding clonal rubber varieties to increase and diversify incomes. Here, we ask whether such rubber agroforestry improves biodiversity value or affects rubber yields relative to monoculture. We surveyed birds, fruit-feeding butterflies and reptiles in 25 monocultural and 39 agroforest smallholder rubber plots in Thailand, the world’s biggest rubber producer. Management and vegetation structure data were collected from each plot, and landscape composition around plots was quantified. Rubber yield data were collected for a separate set of 34 monocultural and 47 agroforest rubber plots in the same region. Reported rubber yields did not differ between agroforests and monocultures, meaning adoption of agroforestry in this context should not increase land demand for natural rubber. Butterfly richness was greater in agroforests, where richness increased with greater natural forest extent in the landscape. Bird and reptile richness were similar between agroforests and monocultures, but bird richness increased with the height of herbaceous vegetation inside rubber plots. Species composition of butterflies differed between agroforests and monocultures, and in response to natural forest extent, while bird composition was influenced by herbaceous vegetation height within plots, the density of non-rubber trees within plots (representing agroforestry complexity), and natural forest extent in the landscape. Reptile composition was influenced by canopy cover and open habitat extent in the landscape. Conservation priority and forest-dependent birds were not supported within rubber. Synthesis and applications. Rubber agroforestry using clonal varieties provides modest biodiversity benefits relative to monocultures, without compromising yields. Agroforests may also generate ecosystem service and livelihood benefits. Management of monocultural rubber production to increase inter-row vegetation height and complexity may further benefit biodiversity. However, biodiversity losses from encroachment of rubber onto forests will not be offset by rubber agroforestry or rubber plot management. This evidence is important for developing guidelines around biodiversity-friendly rubber and sustainable supply chains, and for farmers interested in diversifying rubber production. The accompanying ReadMe.txt file explains the contents of each .csv file, including definitions of each column. Sampling protocols are outlined in the paper in Journal of Applied Ecology.

# Genetic background and thermal regime influence adaptation to novel environment in the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f1vhhmgz7](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f1vhhmgz7) The data contained in these two data files (bodymass.csv and lifehistory.csv) contain data on body mass, development time, lifetime reproductive success, and age-specific reproduction of two populations of *Callosobruchus maculatus* that evolved under fluctuating or constant thermal regimes and were subsequently assayed under fluctuating or thermal regimes. ## Description of the data and file structure bodymass.csv contains information on: * Pop: Population (either USA or LEIC). * Treatment: Note that C = Constant Regime Constant Environment; I = Fluctuating Regime Fluctuating Environment; CIA = Constant Regime Fluctuating Environment; ICA = Fluctuating Regime Constant Environment. The transformation for this occurs in the code. * Rep: Replicate number. * Sex: Sex of individual (M or F). * Day: Always 22. * VCMass: Chamber mass (g). * VCBeet.Mass: Chamber w/ beetle (g). * Beet.Mass: Beetle mass (g). lifehistory.csv contains information on: * Pop: Population (either USA or LEIC). * Treat: Treatment; note that C = Constant Regime Constant Environment; I = Fluctuating Regime Fluctuating Environment; CIA = Constant Regime Fluctuating Environment; ICA = Fluctuating Regime Constant Environment. The transformation for this occurs in the code. * Rep: Replicate. * Pair.Date: Date paired. * VC: Chamber ID. * DayEgg: Egg day. * DateEgg: Date of first egg lay. * DateMeasure: Date of measurement for offspring. * DT: Development Time. * Males/Female/Total: Number of offspring that are Male/Female/Combined Total. * Comments: Comments made during data collection. ## Code/Software Code used to run the analysis and produce the graphs is located on GitHub via https://github.com/EIvimeyCook/Fluctuating\_Beetles or via Zenodo with the DOI, https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10118422. Climate change is associated with the increase in both mean and variability of thermal conditions. Therefore, the use of more realistic fluctuating thermal regimes is the most appropriate laboratory method for predicting population responses to thermal heterogeneity. However, the long- and short-term implications of evolving under such conditions are not well understood. Here, we examined differences in key life history traits among populations of seed beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) that evolved under either constant control conditions or in an environment with fluctuating daily temperatures. Specifically, individuals from two distinct genetic backgrounds were kept for 19 generations at one of two temperatures, a constant temperature (T=29°C) or a fluctuating daily cycle (Tmean=33°C, Tmax=40°C, and Tmin=26°C), and were assayed either in their evolved environment or in the other environment. We found that beetles that evolved in fluctuating environments but were then switched to constant 29°C conditions had far greater lifetime reproductive success compared to beetles that were kept in their evolved environments. This increase in reproductive success suggests that beetles raised in fluctuating environments may have evolved greater thermal breadth than control condition beetles. In addition, the degree of sexual dimorphism in body size and development varied as a function of genetic background, evolved thermal environment, and current temperature conditions. These results highlight not only the value of incorporating diel fluctuations into climate research but also suggest that populations that experience variability in temperature may be better able to respond to both short- and long-term changes in environmental conditions.

There has been much discussion about whether earlier vegetation greenup associated with global warming will allow for an earlier starts of the net carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake period (CUP) by vegetation and thus possibly increase the terrestrial carbon sink. One aspect of this discussion that has received little attention so far is that earlier vegetation greenup will occur at shorter day lengths which reduces the time of the day during which the presence of sunlight allows for photosynthesis and thus carbon uptake. We hypothesise that shorter day lengths associated with earlier vegetation greenup will partly compensate for any temperature-mediated earlier starts of the vegetation period. To test this hypothesis we use eddy covariance CO2 flux data from three mountain grasslands in the Alps: Neustift (970m), Monte Bondone (1500m), Torgnon (2160m). The three grassland sites are at the same latitude, but differ in elevation and thus temperature and thus the length of the snow cover period. We hypothesise that the warming-induced lengthening of the vegetation period will be compensated most by day length at the lowest elevation site, where snow melt occurs close to the spring equinox when day length changes fastest. In contrast, snow melt at the site with the highest elevation occurs closer to the summer solstice, when daily changes in day length are minimal, and we thus hypothesise that compensating effects due to day length will be smallest there. The hypothesis was tested using a phenomenological model of the net CO2 exchange of mountain grassland ecosystems that has been trained with measured eddy covariance CO2 fluxes. On average, the model was well able to simulate both daytime and nighttime NEE and thus predicted the start of the CUP reasonably well. The model was then used to simulate the start of the carbon uptake period using climatological time series of air temperature by uniformly increasing air temperature between 0 and 3 K. A 10 day earlier start of the CUP went along with a 32, 27 and 20 min reduction in day length at Neustift, Monte Bondone and Torgnon, respectively. Simulated warming (up to +3K) caused both snow melt and the start of the CUP to occur earlier. The earlier start of the CUP, however, did not match the earlier snow melt due to concurrent reductions in day length and so the time period in between increased with warming. As hypothesised this increase scaled with elevation and the timing of snow melt. A 10 day earlier snow melt caused the time period until the start of the CUP to increase by 1.8, 1.3 and 0.6 days at Neustift, Monte Bondone and Torgnon, respectively. As hypothesised, warming-induced earlier snow melts did not translate one-to-one to earlier starts of the CUP due to concurrent reductions in day length. The magnitude of this effect depended on the time of year when snow melt occurs. For the investigated grasslands along the elevational gradient, snow melt occurred the latest at highest elevation (Torgnon) and the start of the CUP at this site was thus most responsive to warming