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All the main indicators of state oh health of our Planet’s natural systems show clear worsening elements and, since a great part of environment dangerous emissions is connected with different stages of energy cycle, it is manifest that the energetic political has an essential role to sustainable environment. Energetic field is in a period of transition when renewable energetic sources will have a very important roll but the hydrogen, most plentiful and light element in the Universe, could represent the principal fuel for the XXI century’s economy. Hydrogen’s Era is becoming a reality, with many benefits for pollution, but also with market and technological uncertainties and difficulties.

All the main indicators of state oh health of our Planet’s natural systems show clear worsening elements and, since a great part of environment dangerous emissions is connected with different stages of energy cycle, it is manifest that the energetic political has an essential role to sustainable environment. Energetic field is in a period of transition when renewable energetic sources will have a very important roll but the hydrogen, most plentiful and light element in the Universe, could represent the principal fuel for the XXI century’s economy. Hydrogen’s Era is becoming a reality, with many benefits for pollution, but also with market and technological uncertainties and difficulties.

This paper is focused on the design criteria of the power conversion systems operating within ultra-fast charging stations for electric vehicles. The proposed architecture is based on a DC bus, which features the integration of renewable energy sources and buffered storage systems, performing the new concept of smart grid system. Simulations of the power converters and storage systems, working as power devices of recharging station architecture, are implemented in the Matlab-Simulink environment with models of each subcomponent provided by the Sim-Power-System tool. The reported simulations are mainly devoted to verify the design criteria of the architecture scheme and the control strategies of the power fluxes related to power converters. The advantages and convenience in terms of power quality and requirementsfrom the main grid are shown, also during the EV fastcharging operations. Finally, the resulted recharging times are evaluated as comparable to the fuelling times generally taken by traditional oil based vehicles.

This paper is focused on the design criteria of the power conversion systems operating within ultra-fast charging stations for electric vehicles. The proposed architecture is based on a DC bus, which features the integration of renewable energy sources and buffered storage systems, performing the new concept of smart grid system. Simulations of the power converters and storage systems, working as power devices of recharging station architecture, are implemented in the Matlab-Simulink environment with models of each subcomponent provided by the Sim-Power-System tool. The reported simulations are mainly devoted to verify the design criteria of the architecture scheme and the control strategies of the power fluxes related to power converters. The advantages and convenience in terms of power quality and requirementsfrom the main grid are shown, also during the EV fastcharging operations. Finally, the resulted recharging times are evaluated as comparable to the fuelling times generally taken by traditional oil based vehicles.

AbstractBackground: Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% solution is still “the leading oral antiseptic” for controlling gingivitis. Side effects, however, limit the acceptability to users and the long‐term employment of a 0.2% CHX antiseptic in preventive dentistry. This stimulated the development of new formulations. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect on plaque inhibition and taste perception of two commercially available mouthrinses (0.12% CHX non‐alcohol base with 0.05% cetyl pyridinium chloride (Cpc) versus 0.2% CHX alcohol base).Methods: The study was designed as a single‐blind, randomized two group parallel experiment, to compare two different commercially available mouthrinses, during a 3‐day plaque accumulation model. Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and received a thorough dental prophylaxis at the beginning of the test period. Over a 72‐h experimental non‐brushing period, during which subjects abstained from all forms of mechanical oral hygiene, one group (test) used a 15 ml alcohol free 0.12% CHX (=18 mg) mouthrinse on a Cpc base (Perioaid®, CHX⊕Cpc), twice daily for 30 s. The other group (control) used a 10 ml 0.2% CHX (=20 mg) mouthrinse on an 11.8% ethanol alcohol base (Corsodyl®, CHX⊕Alc), twice daily for 60 s. After 72 h of plaque formation, the amount of plaque was evaluated. By the use of visual analogue scale, the subjects were asked for their appreciation of the taste of the mouthrinse they had used.Results: The mean plaque index for the CHX⊕Cpc group was 0.97 and for the CHX⊕Alc group 0.78. After 72 h of non‐brushing, there was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the two groups. The answers to the questions (taste perception and after‐taste) showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for taste appreciation on a scale from very bad to very good taste (0–10) were 5.92 for the CHX⊕Cpc group and 4.10 for the CHX⊕Alc group (p=0.02). The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for the after‐taste on a scale from very short to very long (0–10) were 7.24 for the CHX⊕Cpc group and 5.38 for the CHX⊕Alc group.Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study design, it can be concluded that rinsing with a 0.12% CHX mouthrinse on a non‐alcohol base with 0.05% Cpc (Perio‐Aid®) is not significantly different from rinsing with a 0.2% CHX mouthrinse on an alcohol base (Corsodyl®). It appears that the subjects appreciated the taste of the non‐alcohol CHX solution better but the after‐taste of the rinse remained longer in the mouth.

AbstractBackground: Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% solution is still “the leading oral antiseptic” for controlling gingivitis. Side effects, however, limit the acceptability to users and the long‐term employment of a 0.2% CHX antiseptic in preventive dentistry. This stimulated the development of new formulations. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect on plaque inhibition and taste perception of two commercially available mouthrinses (0.12% CHX non‐alcohol base with 0.05% cetyl pyridinium chloride (Cpc) versus 0.2% CHX alcohol base).Methods: The study was designed as a single‐blind, randomized two group parallel experiment, to compare two different commercially available mouthrinses, during a 3‐day plaque accumulation model. Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and received a thorough dental prophylaxis at the beginning of the test period. Over a 72‐h experimental non‐brushing period, during which subjects abstained from all forms of mechanical oral hygiene, one group (test) used a 15 ml alcohol free 0.12% CHX (=18 mg) mouthrinse on a Cpc base (Perioaid®, CHX⊕Cpc), twice daily for 30 s. The other group (control) used a 10 ml 0.2% CHX (=20 mg) mouthrinse on an 11.8% ethanol alcohol base (Corsodyl®, CHX⊕Alc), twice daily for 60 s. After 72 h of plaque formation, the amount of plaque was evaluated. By the use of visual analogue scale, the subjects were asked for their appreciation of the taste of the mouthrinse they had used.Results: The mean plaque index for the CHX⊕Cpc group was 0.97 and for the CHX⊕Alc group 0.78. After 72 h of non‐brushing, there was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the two groups. The answers to the questions (taste perception and after‐taste) showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for taste appreciation on a scale from very bad to very good taste (0–10) were 5.92 for the CHX⊕Cpc group and 4.10 for the CHX⊕Alc group (p=0.02). The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for the after‐taste on a scale from very short to very long (0–10) were 7.24 for the CHX⊕Cpc group and 5.38 for the CHX⊕Alc group.Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study design, it can be concluded that rinsing with a 0.12% CHX mouthrinse on a non‐alcohol base with 0.05% Cpc (Perio‐Aid®) is not significantly different from rinsing with a 0.2% CHX mouthrinse on an alcohol base (Corsodyl®). It appears that the subjects appreciated the taste of the non‐alcohol CHX solution better but the after‐taste of the rinse remained longer in the mouth.