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The data show the survival data of Atlantic cod larvae from two different stocks, which were measured in two separate experiments in Kristineberg, Sweden in 2013 on the Western Baltic stock and in Tromsö, Norway in 2014 on the Barents Sea stock. Survival was measured as a response to ocean acidification, control tanks were kept at ambient CO2 concentrations. CO2 concentrations and feeding concentrations are also provided.

It is important to understand how marine calcifying organisms may acclimatize to ocean acidification to assess their survival over the coming century. We cultured the cold water coralline algae, Lithothamnion glaciale, under elevated pCO2 (408, 566, 770, and 1024 µatm) for 10 months. The results show that the cell (inter and intra) wall thickness is maintained, but there is a reduction in growth rate (linear extension) at all elevated pCO2. Furthermore a decrease in Mg content at the two highest CO2 treatments was observed. Comparison between our data and that at 3 months from the same long-term experiment shows that the acclimation differs over time since at 3 months, the samples cultured under high pCO2 showed a reduction in the cell (inter and intra) wall thickness but a maintained growth rate. This suggests a reallocation of the energy budget between 3 and 10 months and highlights the high degree plasticity that is present. This might provide a selective advantage in future high CO2 world.

Source data of the North Sea well inventory: United Kingdom (UK) - Oil and Gas Authority (Dec. 2018) - https://data-ogauthority.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/oga-wells-ed50 Contains information provided by the OGA. Wells are extracted for the area of the PGS data set PGS Mega Survey Plus. We measured the distance between all wells of the test group (n = 43) and all those who are within the seismic data set (n = 1,792; presented here) and their closest bright spot with polarity reversal. Furthermore, we calculated the mean RMS amplitudes and RMS amplitude standard deviation for a buffer radius of 300 m around the well paths for all wells inside the seismic data set and the visited wells as 300 m is the distance below which all of the visited wells of the test group showed gas release in form of flares from the seafloor. We test, if the propensity of a well to leak can be identified by using a logistic regression, which includes regressors such as well activity data and/or derived parameters such as mean RMS amplitude and mean RMS amplitude standard deviation, the distance towards the most proximal bright spot with polarity reversal and age (spud date). In order to identify the most suitable regressor combination best subset selection is employed. The main selection criterion chosen was the prediction accuracy from randomly and repeatedly splitting the visited wells into a training and a test set and then using the fitted logistic regression to predict the test data. The most suitable subset turns out to only employ the distance to polarity reversal, producing a prediction accuracy of 89% and the following logistic regression results: In order to obtain confidence intervals using the normal distribution the distance to bright spot with polarity reversal has to be normally distributed, which it is not. Yet it can be transformed to normality by adding 100 meters to the original distance and then taking the natural logarithm: Logistic regression fit for leakage of all visited wells using distance to bright spot with polarity reversal in meters as a regressor. Please find further information on the applied statistical analyses in the supplementary material. Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) Significance Intercept 4,853.946 1,735.128 2.797 0.00515 0.01 Distance −0.007361 0.002700 −2.726 0.00640 0.01 The transformed logistic regression model is then used to predict the probabilities of leakage for the wells within our seismic data set in the Central North Sea (here presented data). In order to obtain confidence bands this logistic regression is performed subtracting and adding two standard deviations from the calculated probability. The point estimate predicts leakage from 926 of the 1,792 wells, where the 95% confidence interval ranges from 719 to 1,058.

Le projet TReX (Tracer Release eXperiment) est un projet de recherche intersectoriel qui vise à développer et à démontrer la capacité du Canada à prédire la dispersion de contaminants et à répondre à leurs déversements accidentels dans les environnements marins côtiers. Le present jeu de données CTD provient de la première mission de la phase TReX-deep qui vise l’étude des processus de transport et dispersion dans les eaux de fond du Chenal Laurentien, de l'estuaire maritime au Détroit de Cabot. Cette expérience unique, qui combine les expertises de chercheurs du Québec, de la Nouvelle Écosse et de l'Allemagne, est utilisée non seulement pour prévoir la dispersion et l'advection de certains contaminants mais aussi pour comprendre les processus biogéochimiques liés au climat qui contrôlent les conditions d’hypoxie et d’acidification à la tête du Chenal Laurentien. Ce jeu de données CTD issu de la première mission en octobre 2021 présente des profils verticaux de salinité, température, oxygène dissous, densité, et fluorescence de 4 à 360 m pour une trentaine de stations entre Rimouski et le Détroit de Cabot. Bien que les sondes soient calibrées par le fabricant au cours de l'année, des échantillons discrets de salinité ont été prélevés dans toute la colonne d'eau et analysés sur un salinomètre Guildline Autosal 8400 calibré avec l'eau de mer standard de l'IAPSO (International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) et les profils CTD retraités après la mission. De même, les concentrations d'oxygène dissous ont été déterminées par titrage chimique Winkler (Grasshoff et al., 1999) sur une quarantaine d'échantillons d'eau discrets collectés directement dans les bouteilles Niskin. L'écart-type relatif, basé sur des analyses répétées d'échantillons prélevés dans la même bouteille Niskin, était inférieur à 1 %. Ces mesures ont également servi à étalonner la sonde à oxygène SBE-43 montée sur la rosette. Il a été acquis conjointement par les équipes de Douglas Wallace (U. Dalhousie), Gwénaëlle Chaillou (ISMER-UQAR) et Toste Tanhua (GEOMAR). The TReX (Tracer ReleaseEXperiment) project is an interdisciplinary research project that aims to develop and demonstrate Canada's ability to predict the spread of contaminants and respond to their accidental discharges in coastal marine environments. The present CTD dataset comes from the first mission of the Trex-Deep phase, which aims to study transport and dispersal processes in the bottom waters of the Laurentian Channel, from the maritime estuary to Cabot Strait. This unique experiment, which combines the expertise of researchers from Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Germany, is used to predict the dispersal and advection of certain contaminants and understand the climate-related biogeochemical processes that control hypoxia and acidification conditions at the head of the Laurentian Channel. This CTD dataset from the first mission in October 2021 presents vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, density, and fluorescence from 4 to 360 m for about thirty stations between Rimouski and Cabot Strait. Although the probes were calibrated by the manufacturer during the year, discrete salinity samples were taken throughout the water column and analyzed on a Guildline Autosal 8400 salinometer calibrated with standard IAPSO (International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) seawater and CTD profiles reprocessed after the mission. Similarly, dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined by Winkler chemical titration (Grasshoff et al., 1999) on about forty discrete water samples collected directly from Niskin bottles. The relative standard deviation, based on repeated analyses of samples taken from the same Niskin bottle, was less than 1%. These measurements were also used to calibrate the SBE-43 oxygen probe mounted on the rosette. It was acquired jointly by the teams of Douglas Wallace (U. Dalhousie), Gwénaëlle Chaillou (ISMER-UQAR) and Toste Tanhua (GEOMAR).

Climate change is impacting virtually all marine life. Adaptation strategies will require a robust understanding of the risk to species and ecosystems and how those propagate to human societies. We develop a unified and spatially explicit index to comprehensively evaluate the climate risks to marine life. Under high emissions (SSP5-8.5), almost 90% of ~25,000 species are at high or critical risk, with species at risk across 85% of their native distributions. One-tenth of the ocean contains ecosystems where the aggregated climate risk, endemism, and extinction threat of their constituent species are high. Climate change poses the greatest risk for exploited species in low-income countries with high dependence on fisheries. Mitigating emissions (SSP1-2.6) reduces the risk for virtually all species (98.2%), enhances ecosystem stability, and disproportionally benefits food-insecure populations in low-income countries. Our climate risk assessment can help prioritize vulnerable species and ecosystems for climate-adapted marine conservation and fisheries management efforts.

Laboratory experiments were conducted in the climate chambers at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in the time between March and November 2018. Experiments were designed to study the effect of long-term (1 month) exposure to low salinity in osmoconforming invertebrates. The study organisms (Asterias rubens, Mytilus edulis, Littorina littorea, Diadumene lineata, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and Psammechinus milliaris) were collected in Kiel Fjord, Eckernförder Bight or the Kattegat from spring to autumn 2018. Organisms were acclimated to climate chamber conditions for 1 week (under habitat salinity, 14˚C, constant aeration) and then subjected to salinity acclimation for 1-2 weeks until the final salinity treatment level was reached. Then different salinity treatments were maintained for 4 weeks. Water physiochemistry (temperature, salinity, pH, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate) was recorded frequently. Throughout the experiment survival was recorded. Before and after the experiment organism weight and, where feasible, size was measured. Weight data was also used to calculate tissue water content. This dataset comprises the physiological fitness parameters for each species at the respective salinity treatment. Given are data for survival, growth and tissue water content.

The oceans' uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) decreases seawater pH and alters the inorganic carbon speciation – summarized in the term ocean acidification (OA). Already today, coastal regions experience episodic pH events during which surface layer pH drops below values projected for the surface ocean at the end of the century. Future OA is expected to further enhance the intensity of these coastal extreme pH events. To evaluate the influence of such episodic OA events in coastal regions, we deployed eight pelagic mesocosms for 53 days in Raunefjord, Norway, and enclosed 56–61 m**3 of local seawater containing a natural plankton community under nutrient limited post-bloom conditions. Four mesocosms were enriched with CO2 to simulate extreme pCO2 levels of 1978-2069 μatm while the other four served as untreated controls. Here, we present results from multivariate analyses on OA-induced changes in the phyto-, micro-, and mesozooplankton community structure. Pronounced differences in the plankton community emerged early in the experiment, and were amplified by enhanced top-down control throughout the study period. The plankton groups responding most profoundly to high CO2 conditions were cyanobacteria (negative), chlorophyceae (negative), auto- and heterotrophic microzooplankton (negative), and a variety of mesozooplanktonic taxa, including copepoda (mixed), appendicularia (positive), hydrozoa (positive), fish larvae (positive), and gastropoda (negative). The restructuring of the community coincided with significant changes in the concentration and elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic matter. Results imply that extreme CO2 events can lead to a substantial reorganization of the planktonic food web, affecting multiple trophic levels from phytoplankton to primary and secondary consumers. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2021-05-11.

Laboratory experiments were conducted in the climate chambers at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in the time between March and November 2018. Experiments were designed to study the effect of long-term (1 month) exposure to low salinity in osmoconforming invertebrates. The study organisms (Asterias rubens, Mytilus edulis, Littorina littorea, Diadumene lineata, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and Psammechinus milliaris) were collected in Kiel Fjord, Eckernförder Bight or the Kattegat from spring to autumn 2018. Organisms were acclimated to climate chamber conditions for 1 week (under habitat salinity, 14˚C, constant aeration) and then subjected to salinity acclimation for 1-2 weeks until the final salinity treatment level was reached. Then different salinity treatments were maintained for 4 weeks. Water physiochemistry (temperature, salinity, pH, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate) was recorded frequently. After the experiment, samples were taken from tissues to measure total osmolality (mosmol/kg) with an osmomat, and inorganic ions (mmol/kg or µmol/g wet mass). Anions were measured with a novel protocol via ion chromatography, cations were measured via flame photometry. Organic osmolytes were measured via 1H-NMR.

The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) brings together a consortium of international ice-sheet and climate modellers to simulate the contribution from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to future sea-level rise. In this document, we describe the set-up and main results of the ISMIP6 Antarctica Tier-1 and Tier-2 experiments carried out with the ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. The companion document for the Greenland ice sheet is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971251. V1.0.1: References updated; some minor corrections. V1: Full report. V0.1: Abstract only. Funding acknowledgements: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant Nos. JP16H02224, JP17H06104 and JP17H06323. PalMod project (PalMod 1.1 and 1.3 with grants 01LP1502C and 01LP1504D) of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).