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The traffic sign identification and recognition system (TSIRS) is an essential component for autonomous vehicles to succeed. The TSIRS helps to collect and provide helpful information for autonomous driving systems. The information may include limits on speed, directions for driving, signs to stop or lower the speed, and many more essential things for safe driving. Recently, incidents have been reported regarding autonomous vehicle crashes due to traffic sign identification and recognition system failures. The TSIRS fails to recognize the traffic signs in challenging conditions such as skewed signboards, scratches on traffic symbols, discontinuous or damaged traffic symbols, etc. These challenging conditions are presented for various reasons, such as accidents, storms, artificial damage, etc. Such traffic signs contain an ample amount of noise, because of which traffic sign identification and recognition become a challenging task for automated TSIRS systems. The proposed method in this paper addresses these challenges. The sign edge is a helpful feature for the recognition of traffic signs. A novel traffic sign edge detection algorithm is introduced based on bilateral filtering with adaptive thresholding and varying aperture size that effectively detects the edges from such noisy images. The proposed edge detection algorithm and transfer learning is used to train the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and recognize the traffic signs. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with existing edge detection methods. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves optimal Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) error rates and has a better Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) ratio than the traditional edge detection algorithms. Furthermore, the precision rate, recall rate, and F1 scores are evaluated for the CNN models. With the German Traffic Sign Benchmark database (GTSRB), the proposed algorithm and Inception V3 CNN model gives promising results when it receives the edge-detected images for training and testing.

The traffic sign identification and recognition system (TSIRS) is an essential component for autonomous vehicles to succeed. The TSIRS helps to collect and provide helpful information for autonomous driving systems. The information may include limits on speed, directions for driving, signs to stop or lower the speed, and many more essential things for safe driving. Recently, incidents have been reported regarding autonomous vehicle crashes due to traffic sign identification and recognition system failures. The TSIRS fails to recognize the traffic signs in challenging conditions such as skewed signboards, scratches on traffic symbols, discontinuous or damaged traffic symbols, etc. These challenging conditions are presented for various reasons, such as accidents, storms, artificial damage, etc. Such traffic signs contain an ample amount of noise, because of which traffic sign identification and recognition become a challenging task for automated TSIRS systems. The proposed method in this paper addresses these challenges. The sign edge is a helpful feature for the recognition of traffic signs. A novel traffic sign edge detection algorithm is introduced based on bilateral filtering with adaptive thresholding and varying aperture size that effectively detects the edges from such noisy images. The proposed edge detection algorithm and transfer learning is used to train the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and recognize the traffic signs. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with existing edge detection methods. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves optimal Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) error rates and has a better Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) ratio than the traditional edge detection algorithms. Furthermore, the precision rate, recall rate, and F1 scores are evaluated for the CNN models. With the German Traffic Sign Benchmark database (GTSRB), the proposed algorithm and Inception V3 CNN model gives promising results when it receives the edge-detected images for training and testing.

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation is being performed to evaluate exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) circulating in urban areas and involved in commercial shipping activities. The study is focused on the city of Genoa, whose urban road network is influenced by highway connections and shipping activities, as seven motorway exits and more than twenty accesses to port area are located within the urban area. In a first step, the HDV flows crossing highway exits, urban zones and port areas were evaluated, as well as the relevant vehicle classes. The typical urban trips linking highway exits to port gates and the HDV mission profiles within the port area were then defined, whose validation was performed through an experimental campaign for HDV instantaneous speed measurements on urban trips and in port zones. The availability of speed patterns enabled the application of Passenger Car and Heavy Duty Emission Model (PHEM) for the estimation of fuel consumption and emission factors for selected HDV classes. The main results of the different investigation steps are presented and discussed in the paper, outlining the specific activities of HDVs in port area and the relevant emissive behaviour.

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation is being performed to evaluate exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) circulating in urban areas and involved in commercial shipping activities. The study is focused on the city of Genoa, whose urban road network is influenced by highway connections and shipping activities, as seven motorway exits and more than twenty accesses to port area are located within the urban area. In a first step, the HDV flows crossing highway exits, urban zones and port areas were evaluated, as well as the relevant vehicle classes. The typical urban trips linking highway exits to port gates and the HDV mission profiles within the port area were then defined, whose validation was performed through an experimental campaign for HDV instantaneous speed measurements on urban trips and in port zones. The availability of speed patterns enabled the application of Passenger Car and Heavy Duty Emission Model (PHEM) for the estimation of fuel consumption and emission factors for selected HDV classes. The main results of the different investigation steps are presented and discussed in the paper, outlining the specific activities of HDVs in port area and the relevant emissive behaviour.

In this paper, an optimization model is defined for the design of a smart energy infrastructure integrating different technologies to satisfy the electrical demand of a given site. The considered smart energy infrastructure includes a photovoltaic plant, electrical storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs), and charging stations. The objective function of the optimization model considers the costs related to the installation and maintenance of the considered technologies, as well as the costs associated with the energy exchanges with the external grid. A very extensive numerical analysis is reported in the paper, referred to a test case in a real site in Liguria Region, in the north of Italy. Many scenarios are analyzed and discussed, with specific attention to evaluate the role of electric mobility within a smart energy infrastructure and a focus on EVs acting as mobile storage systems.

In this paper, an optimization model is defined for the design of a smart energy infrastructure integrating different technologies to satisfy the electrical demand of a given site. The considered smart energy infrastructure includes a photovoltaic plant, electrical storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs), and charging stations. The objective function of the optimization model considers the costs related to the installation and maintenance of the considered technologies, as well as the costs associated with the energy exchanges with the external grid. A very extensive numerical analysis is reported in the paper, referred to a test case in a real site in Liguria Region, in the north of Italy. Many scenarios are analyzed and discussed, with specific attention to evaluate the role of electric mobility within a smart energy infrastructure and a focus on EVs acting as mobile storage systems.

The current era of computing is witnessing a huge amount of data being generated with every passing moment. This massive data if nourished effectively can open new horizons for the computing world. The modern world is slowly but surely moving towards the automation age where every entity and object is being automated to perform desired tasks without the need of human interventions. This has made the lives of people more convenient and comfortable. Automation has taken over every single field of computing and even beyond. Smart mobility is one such example of automation wherein the users get real time information about the traffic conditions as well as alternate route suggestions in case of traffic jams. Transportation is considered as the backbone of every business. The automated intelligent transportation system (ITS) has completely transformed the way how people, goods and services are transported and is quite important for achieving sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the existing ITS system, concept of smart mobility and existing vulnerabilities in these systems. Their security concerns and scenarios are also analyzed. Furthermore, in this paper the importance and need for securing these intelligent systems is highlighted and future trends in ITS is also suggested. Although ITS and smart mobility technology are already providing convenient transportation and navigational facilities, there is still a huge scope to improve these facilities for the end users. The suggested future trends if integrated in an effective manner can provide exemplary means to provide state-of-the-art navigational facilities and smart mobility in a true sense.

The current era of computing is witnessing a huge amount of data being generated with every passing moment. This massive data if nourished effectively can open new horizons for the computing world. The modern world is slowly but surely moving towards the automation age where every entity and object is being automated to perform desired tasks without the need of human interventions. This has made the lives of people more convenient and comfortable. Automation has taken over every single field of computing and even beyond. Smart mobility is one such example of automation wherein the users get real time information about the traffic conditions as well as alternate route suggestions in case of traffic jams. Transportation is considered as the backbone of every business. The automated intelligent transportation system (ITS) has completely transformed the way how people, goods and services are transported and is quite important for achieving sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the existing ITS system, concept of smart mobility and existing vulnerabilities in these systems. Their security concerns and scenarios are also analyzed. Furthermore, in this paper the importance and need for securing these intelligent systems is highlighted and future trends in ITS is also suggested. Although ITS and smart mobility technology are already providing convenient transportation and navigational facilities, there is still a huge scope to improve these facilities for the end users. The suggested future trends if integrated in an effective manner can provide exemplary means to provide state-of-the-art navigational facilities and smart mobility in a true sense.

The swift urbanization of cities has given rise to an unparalleled surge in vehicular traffic, leading to substantial congestion, heightened pollution, and a diminished quality of life. This investigation explores the capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform urban mobility by optimizing vehicle routing and alleviating traffic congestion. The objective is to create AI-powered solutions that augment transportation efficiency, diminish travel times, and mitigate environmental repercussions. This paper thoroughly scrutinizes existing AI algorithms, vehicle routing, and traffic management techniques. The study integrates real-time traffic data, road network characteristics, and individual travel patterns to formulate intelligent routing strategies. The proposed AI system adjusts to dynamic traffic conditions through machine learning and optimization algorithms, pinpointing optimal routes and redistributing traffic flows to minimize congestion hotspots. To assess the effectiveness of the AI-driven approach, extensive simulations and case studies are conducted in representative urban areas. Performance metrics, including travel time reduction, fuel consumption, and emissions reduction, are employed to quantify the impact of the proposed system on traffic congestion and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the study evaluates the scalability, feasibility, and economic viability of implementing AI-based traffic management solutions on a larger scale. The outcomes of this research provide valuable insights into the potential advantages of AI in reshaping urban mobility. By optimizing vehicle routing and diminishing traffic congestion, the proposed AI-driven system has the potential to elevate overall transportation efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and contribute to a healthier urban environment. The findings carry substantial implications for policymakers, urban planners, and transportation authorities seeking innovative solutions to tackle the challenges of contemporary urbanization while promoting sustainable development.