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The data contains three supporting datasets: 1. Mid-intertidal data 2. Vertical transect data 3. GPS coordinates for all sites

The data consists of annual measurements of standing aboveground plant biomass, annual aboveground net primary productivity and annual soil respiration between 1998 and 2012. Data were collected from seven European shrublands that were subject to the climate manipulations drought and warming. Sites were located in the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands (NL), Denmark ( two sites, DK-B and DK-M), Hungary (HU), Spain (SP) and Italy (IT). All field sites consisted of untreated control plots, plots where the plant canopy air is artificially warmed during night time hours, and plots where rainfall is excluded from the plots at least during the plants growing season. Standing aboveground plant biomass (grams biomass per square metre) was measured in two undisturbed areas within the plots using the pin-point method (UK, DK-M, DK-B), or along a transect (IT, SP, HU, NL). Aboveground net primary productivity was calculated from measurements of standing aboveground plant biomass estimates and litterfall measurements. Soil respiration was measured in pre-installed opaque soil collars bi-weekly, monthly, or in measurement campaigns (SP only). The datasets provided are the basis for the data analysis presented in Reinsch et al. (2017) Shrubland primary production and soil respiration diverge along European climate gradient. Scientific Reports 7:43952 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43952 Standing biomass was measured using the non-destructive pin-point method to assess aboveground biomass. Measurements were conducted at the state of peak biomass specific for each site. Litterfall was measured annually using litterfall traps. Litter collected in the traps was dried and the weight was measured. Aboveground biomass productivity was estimated as the difference between the measured standing biomass in year x minus the standing biomass measured the previous year. Soil respiration was measured bi-weekly or monthly, or in campaigns (Spain only). It was measured on permanently installed soil collars in treatment plots. The Gaussen Index of Aridity (an index that combines information on rainfall and temperature) was calculated using mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature. The reduction in precipitation and increase in temperature for each site was used to calculate the Gaussen Index for the climate treatments for each site. Data of standing biomass and soil respiration was provided by the site responsible. Data from all sites were collated into one data file for data analysis. A summary data set was combined with information on the Gaussen Index of Aridity Data were then exported from these Excel spreadsheet to .csv files for ingestion into the EIDC.

The complete data set that was the basis of the article: Stratulat, C.; Ginghina, R.E.; Bratu, A.E.; Isleyen, A.; Tunc, M.; Hafner-Vuk, K.; Frey, A.M.; Kjeldsen, H.; Vogl, J. Development- and Validation-Improved Metrological Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Impurities and Ash Content from Biofuels. Energies 2023, 16, 5221. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135221 This work is part of the 19ENG09 BIOFMET project. This project has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 re-search and innovation programme.

The Coast to Karoo Transect investigates the abundance and diversity of ants and beetles along an altitudinal gradient in the Cederberg mountains of the Western Cape, South Africa. It is a long term project, initiated in 2002 by Prof. S.L. Chown, Stellenbosch University. Data collection is carried out on a biannual (spring and autumn) basis. To monitor changes in invertebrate assemblages, focusing on ants and beetles. Temperature data are collected with i-buttons and a Hobo data logger.

To quantify the seasonal transition dates, we used NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (Level-1C) images during 2016–2020 based on Google Earth Engine (https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S2). We performed an atmospheric correction (Yin et al., 2019) on the images before calculating NDVI. The months from May to October were set as the study period each year. The quality control process includes 3 steps: (i) the cloud was masked according to the QA60 band; (ii) images were removed if the number of pixels with NDVI values outside the range of -1–1 exceeds 30% of the total pixels while extracting the median value of each date; (iii) NDVI outliers resulting from cloud mask errors (Coluzzi et al., 2018) and sporadic snow were deleted pixel by pixel. NDVI outliers mentioned here appear as a sudden drop to almost zero in the growing season and do not form a sequence in this study (Komisarenko et al., 2022). To identify outliers, we iterated through every two consecutive NDVI values in the time series and calculated the difference between the second and first values for each pixel every year. We defined anomalous NDVI differences as points outside of the percentiles threshold [10 90], and if the NDVI difference is positive, then the first NDVI value used to calculate the difference will be the outlier, otherwise, the second one will be the outlier. Finally, 215 images were used to reflect seasonal transition dates in all 5 study periods of 2016–2020 after the quality control. Each image was resampled with 32 m spatial resolution to match the resolution of the ArcticDEM data and SnowModel outputs. To detect seasonal transition dates, we used a double sigmoid model to fit the NDVI changes on time series, and points where the curvature changes most rapidly on the fitted curve, appear at the beginning, middle, and end of each season (Klosterman et al., 2014). The applicability of this phenology method in the Arctic has been demonstrated (Ma et al., 2022; Westergaard-Nielsen et al., 2013; Westergaard-Nielsen et al., 2017). We focused on 3 seasonal transition dates, i.e., SOS, NDVImax day, and EOF. The NDVI values for some pixels are still below zero in spring and summer due to topographical shadow. We, therefore, set a quality control rule before calculating seasonal transition dates for each pixel, i.e., if the number of days with positive NDVI values from June to September is less than 60% of the total number of observed days, the pixel will not be considered for subsequent calculations. As verification of fitted dates, the seasonal transition dates in dry heaths and corresponding time-lapse photos acquired from the snow fence area are shown in Fig. 2. Snow cover extent is greatly reduced and vegetation is exposed with lower NDVI values on the SOS. All visible vegetation is green on the NDVImax day. On EOF, snow cover distributes partly, and NDVI decreases to a value close to zero. # Data from: Drivers of contemporary and future changes in Arctic seasonal transition dates for a tundra site in coastal Greenland The dataset includes all original images used in this study to extract seasonal transition dates and corresponding results. ## Description of the data and file structure Datasets included: (1) The spatial distribution of NDVI values for this study region (168 rows and 166 columns). Each file is named in the form of '' year-month-day''. For example, a file named "2016-05-02'' represents the data for 2nd, May of 2016. The normal NDVI values in each file range from -1 to 1, and NaN represents no valid value. The folder named 'unique_date_NDVI' refers to the spatial distribution of NDVI for all available dates, directly acquired from satellite images. The folder named 'unique_date_NDVI_rm_outlier' refers to the spatial distribution of NDVI after quality correction for each date using the described method. (2) The extracted phenology indicators for each pixel in this study region. Five tables named 'Phe_pixel_XXXX.xlsx' include the extracted seasonal transition dates during 2016–2020, pixel by pixel. There are 9 columns in each table, they are row number and column number (used to describe the specific location of pixel), year, start of spring, middle of spring, end of spring, start of fall, middle of fall, and end of fall. ## Sharing/Access information All functions regarding the extraction of seasonal transition dates can be found here: * All parameters and associated functions regarding the SnowModel can be found here: * All original meteorological data in this study is from: * Climate change has had a significant impact on the seasonal transition dates of Arctic tundra ecosystems, causing diverse variations between distinct land surface classes. However, the combined effect of multiple controls as well as their individual effects on these dates remains unclear at various scales and across diverse land surface classes. Here we quantified spatiotemporal variations of three seasonal transition dates (start of spring, maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVImax) day, end of fall) for five dominant land surface classes in the ice-free Greenland and analyzed their drivers for current and future climate scenarios, respectively.

This is a complementary dataset associated with the following publication: Berrang-Ford, Lea, et al. "Systematic Mapping of Global Research on Climate and Health Using Machine Learning." The Lancet Planetary Health. Meta-data are included.

The three datasets contain the spectral data acquired on waste wood samples using a handheld spectrophotometer (MicroNIR™ OnSite instrument). The waste wood samples have been collected in a panel board company located in the Northern part of Italy during two days of sampling (February 18-19, 2020). In detail, 24 randomly distributed increments have been collected from 16 static lots, resulting in a total of 384 samples (we note these DT-SamTot). All the samples have been analyzed by Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer directly on site. In addition, four of the 24 increments for each lot - resulting in a total of 64 samples - have been sent to the lab for further analysis (DT-Lab). Additionally, another dataset has been created based on a reduced DT-SamTot dataset, where we only consider the four of 24 increments for each lot that were sent to the lab (DT-SamRed). It is important for having more accurate indications about the differences in variability between DT-Lab and DT-SamTot samples. We provide three CSV files: DT-Sam_Tot_270521_v01.csv: spectral data and information of DT-SamTot.; DT-Sam_Red_270521_v01.csv: spectral data and information of DT-SamRed. DT-Lab_270521_v01.csv: spectral data and information of DT-Lab. The three CSV files contain similar information in the columns: Sample code: it is reporting the sample code where S1 is the number of lot, the successive number is the number of sample (from 1 to 24) and the last number the NIR replicate. E.g. S4-13-1.sam: lot number 4, sample number 13, NIR replicate number 1. Please note that for DT-Lab dataset we have a different coding where labA and labB are the two sample replicates for the moisture content analysis. Rep: number indicating the NIR replicates for each sample. Please note that for DT-Lab dataset we have also rep2 column reporting the sample replicates for the moisture content analysis. Lot: number of lot to which the sample belongs (from 1 to 16). Day: day in which the sample has been collected (1 = 18/02/2020; 2 = 19/02/2020). Mois: moisture content of the sample (%). PCN: net calorific value of the sample (J/g). Spectral data: absorbance values for each sample from 908.1 nm to 1676.2 nm. The aim behind this dataset is to investigate the variability of the waste wood (WP1 of WoodSpec project) and this information is essential for increasing the reuse of the material and guarantee an accurate and successful use of a NIR sensor into real industrial applications. A second aim is the development of regression models for predicting the moisture content and net calorific value of the samples (WP3 of WoodSpec project). First indications about the variability and the chemical-physical characteristics of the material are essential for determining the suitability in energy applications. If you would like know more about the data, or to use these data, please refer to our article in Renewable Energy, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.137 Funding: The project leading to this application has received funding from theEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 838560. Terms of use: These data are provided "as is", without any warranties of any kind. The data are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

# Bird\_breeding\_productivity\_data [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fxpnvx0zt](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fxpnvx0zt) This folder contains data sets (**Bird_prod_data.csv, Clim_mean_prod_lin.csv, Clim_mean_prod_poly.csv, Clim_trend_PCA_prod_lin.csv, Clim_trend_PCA_prod_poly.csv**), models (.rds files; see below for their naming scheme) and code (**R-script_bird_prod.R**) related to the article: *Climatic predictors of long-distance migratory birds’ breeding productivity across Europe* ## Description of the data and file structure The data is stored in subfolder "Data" **Bird_prod_data.csv** * *Reg*: breeding region; CZP = the Czech Republic, DEG-DKC = Germany and Denmark, ESP = Spain, FRP_N = northern part of France, FRP_S = central & southern part of France, GBT_N = northern parts of Great Britain – Wales and England, Scotland, Northern Ireland – and Ireland, GBT_S = southern parts of Great Britain – England and Wales, HGB = Hungary, NLA = the Netherlands, SFH = Finland, SVS = Sweden - *EURING*: species code * *Year*: year corresponding to breeding season - *Species*: species name (see also Table 3 in the article) * *Site*: site code - *Ad*: number of adults * *Juv*: number of juveniles - *TotalEPR*: water availability in wintering grounds (called ETr in the article) * *Ad_scaled*: Number of adults standardized to mean = 0 and SD = 1 for each species and site - *T3, T4, T5, T6*: temperature in March, April, May, June * *GDD10_3, GDD10_4, GDD10_5, GDD10_6*: growing degree-days in March, April, May, June - *GOD*: green-up onset date * *Rain_anom_3, Rain_anom_4, Rain_anom_5, Rain_anom_6*: precipitation anomaly in March, April, May, June, abbreviated as ΔR in the article - *R10_5, R10_6*: number of heavy rain days in May, June * *R20_5, R20_6*: number of very heavy rain days in May, June - *R1c_5, R1c_6*: number of consecutive rain days 1mm in May, June * *R2c_5, R2c_6*: number of consecutive rain days 2mm in May, June **Clim_mean_prod_lin.csv** * *reg*: breeding region - *clim_var*: abbreviation of climate variable * *mean_val*: mean value of the climate variable - *Est_prod_lin*: estimate of the linear term in the relationship between breeding productivity and climate variable * *SE_prod_lin*: standard error of the estimate of the linear term in the relationship between breeding productivity and climate variable **Clim_mean_prod_poly.csv** * *reg*: breeding region - *clim_var*: abbreviation of climate variable * *mean_val*: mean value of the climate variable - *Est_prod_poly*: estimate of the quadratic term in the relationship between breeding productivity and climate variable * *SE_prod_poly*: standard error of the estimate of the quadratic term in the relationship between breeding productivity and climate variable **Clim_trend_PCA_prod_lin.csv** * *reg*: breeding region - *clim_change*: climate warming variable derived from the first axis of PCA (Principal Component Analysis), for months of March, April, May, June * *Est_trend*: slope of the linear temporal trend of climate warming variable over the study period **Clim_trend_PCA_prod_poly.csv** * reg: breeding region - clim_change: climate warming variable derived from the first axis of PCA (Principal Component Analysis), for months of March, April, May, June * Est_trend: slope of the quadratic temporal trend of climate warming variable over the study period Fitted models (88 files) are stored in subfolder "Models" Naming scheme of the models is: **Hyp2 or Hyp3**: models for testing Hypothesis 2 or Hypothesis 3, respectively **resp1 or resp2**: response variable of the model was derived from the relationship between breeding productivity and the linear term of the climate variable (i.e. *Est_prod_lin*, see above in Clim_mean_prod_lin.csv) or the quadratic term of the climate variable (i.e. *Est_prod_poly*, see above in Clim_mean_prod_poly.csv), respectively **lin or poly**: models employ linear or polynomial (quadratic) terms of climate variables, respectively **T, GDD10, ΔR, GOD**: climate variables used in testing Hypothesis 2 or Hypothesis 3, i.e. temperature, growing degree-days, precipitation anomaly, and green-up onset date, respectively **3, 4, 5, 6**: months of March, April, May, or June **warm_PCA1** (for Hypothesis 3 only): climate warming variable was derived from the first axis of PCA (Principal Component Analysis), suffixes 3, 4, 5 or 6 means months of March, April, May, and June ## Code/Software The code file "R-script_bird_prod.R" is an R script created by version 4.3.1, allowing to run all our analyses. It consists of the following parts: * loading the libraries * loading the data set Bird_prod_data.csv and preparing the variables for testing Hypothesis 1 * fitting the models for testing Hypothesis 1 * performing the model averaging * extraction of the marginal effects of climate variables * calculation of the temporal variance explained by climate variables * loading the data sets Clim_mean_prod_lin.csv and Clim_mean_prod_poly.csv and preparing the variables for testing Hypothesis 2 * fitting the models for testing Hypothesis 2 * extraction of parameters from the fitted models * loading the data sets Clim_trend_PCA_prod_lin.csv and Clim_trend_PCA_prod_poly.csv and preparing the variables for testing Hypothesis 3 * fitting the models for testing Hypothesis 3 * extraction of parameters from the fitted models Ongoing climate changes represent a major determinant of demographic processes in many organisms worldwide. Birds, and especially long-distance migrants, are particularly sensitive to such changes. To better understand these impacts on long-distance migrants’ breeding productivity, we tested three hypotheses focused on (i) the shape of the relationships with different climate variables, including previously rarely tested quadratic responses, and on regional differences in these relationships predicted by (ii) mean climatic conditions and (iii) by the rate of climate change in respective regions ranging from Spain to Finland. We calculated breeding productivity from constant effort ringing sites from 11 European countries covering 34 degrees of latitude, and extracted temperature- and precipitation-related climate variables from E-OBS and NASA MODIS datasets. To test our hypotheses, we fitted GLMM and Bayesian meta-analytic models. We revealed hump-shaped responses of productivity to temperature, growing degree-days, green-up onset date, and precipitation anomaly, and negative responses to intense and prolonged rains across the regions. The effects of March temperature and April growing degree-days were more negative in cold than in warm regions, except that one with the highest accumulated heat, whereas increasing June precipitation anomalies were associated with higher productivity in both dry and wet regions. The rate of climate warming was unrelated to productivity responses to climate. The influence of climate on bird productivity proved to be frequently non-linear, as expected by ecological theory. To explain the differences between regions, the rate of climate change is less important than regional interannual variability in climate (which is predicted to increase), but this may change with the progression of climate change in the future. Productivity declines in long-distance migratory songbirds are particularly expected if out-of-norm water excess increases in frequency or strength.