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RESUMOEsse trabalho realiza uma análise da comunicação do planejamento do Complexo Hidrelétrico do Tapajós, considerando as relações de poder entre os agentes do campo da produção de energia hidrelétrica na Amazônia, por meio da análise dos textos produzidos e veiculados pelo Grupo de Estudos Tapajós, durante a fase de estudos de impacto ambiental e viabilidade econômica das usinas de São Luiz do Tapajós e Jatobá, sendo as primeiras barragens planejadas para o Rio Tapajós, localizado no Oeste do Pará, de um conjunto de cinco hidrelétricas previstas para a região. Pela primeira vez foi criado um projeto de comunicação sobre os projetos hidrelétricos durante a fase dos estudos, anterior ao licenciamento, revelando uma nova abordagem no embate em defesa dos interesses dos grandes agentes econômicos dentro dos processos de planejamento de construção de barragens. A partir do corpus coletado das publicações realizadas nos anos de 2013 e 2014 no Site e no Blog do projeto 'Diálogo Tapajós', juntamente com demais materiais de comunicação produzidos por movimentos sociais da região, identificamos um campo de tensão e disputa permanente entre os grupos de agentes que de um lado defendem um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, buscando a legitimação do discurso da energia limpa e do desenvolvimento sustentável, e de outro grupos que defendem a preservação ambiental com manutenção da biodiversidade Amazônica e do modo de vida das populações impactadas diretamente por estes grandes projetos. Palavras-chave: Hidrelétricas; Tapajós; Conflito; Poder; Comunicação. POWER AND CONFLICT IN ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY: analysis of communication texts produced in the planning of hydropower in Western Pará ABSTRACTThis work carries out an analysis of the communication of the projection of the Hydroelectric Complex of the Tapajós, considering the relations of power between the agents of the field of the production of hydroelectric energy in the Amazon region, through the analysis of the texts produced and conveyed by the Group of Studies Tapajós, during the phase of studies of environmental impact and economical viability of the factories of Saint Luiz of the Tapajós and Jatobá, being the first dams planned for the Rio Tapajós, located in the West of the Pará, of a set of five hydroelectric predicted for the region. For the first time a communication project was created on the hydroelectric projects during the phase of the studies, previous to a licenciamento, revealing a new approach in the crash in defense of the interests of the great economical agents inside the processes of projection of construction of dams. From the collected corpus of the publications carried out in the years of 2013 and 2014 in the Site and in the Blog of the project 'Dialog Tapajós', together with too many materials of communication produced by social movements of the region, we identify a field of tension and constant argument between the groups of agents who from a side defend a model of economical development, looking for the legitimation of the speech of the clean energy and of the sustainable development, and of other groups that defend the environmental preservation with maintenance of the Amazonian biodiversidade and of the way of life of the populations impactadas straightly for these great projects. Keywords: Hydropower; Tapajos; Conflict; Power; Communication. PODER Y CONFLICTO EN LA POLÍTICA DE INFRAESTRUCTURA DE ENERGÍA: análisis de textos de comunicación producidos en la planificación de la energía hidroeléctrica en el Oeste de Pará RESUMENEn este trabajo se hace un análisis de la comunicación planificar complejo hidroeléctrico del Tapajós, teniendo en cuenta las relaciones de poder entre los agentes del campo de la producción de energía hidroeléctrica en el Amazonas, a través del análisis de textos elaborados y difundidos por el Grupo de Estudio Tapajós durante la fase de estudios de impacto ambiental y la viabilidad económica de las plantas de Sao Luiz do Tapajós y Jatobá, con las primeras presas proyectadas sobre el río Tapajós, que se encuentra en el oeste de Pará, un conjunto de cinco represas planificadas para la región. Por primera vez se creó un proyecto de comunicación en proyectos hidroeléctricos durante la fase de estudios previos a la concesión de licencias, revelando un nuevo enfoque en la lucha por defender los intereses de los principales actores económicos dentro de los procesos de planificación de la construcción de la presa. Desde el corpus recogido de publicaciones realizadas en los años 2013 y 2014 en el sitio y blog 'Tapajós diálogo "del proyecto, junto con otros materiales de comunicación producidos por los movimientos sociales de la región, hemos identificado un campo de tensión y disputa entre los grupos agentes de un lado defienden un modelo de desarrollo económico, tratando de legitimar el discurso de la energía limpia y el desarrollo sostenible, y otros grupos que defienden la preservación ambiental con el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad amazónica y los medios de vida de las personas directamente afectadas por las estos grandes proyectos. Palabras clave: Energía Hidroeléctrica; Tapajós; Conflicto; Potencia; Comunicación. RESUMO Esse trabalho realiza uma análise da comunicação do planejamento do Complexo Hidrelétrico do Tapajós, considerando as relações de poder entre os agentes do campo da produção de energia hidrelétrica na Amazônia, por meio da análise dos textos produzidos e veiculados pelo Grupo de Estudos Tapajós, durante a fase de estudos de impacto ambiental e viabilidade econômica das usinas de São Luiz do Tapajós e Jatobá, sendo as primeiras barragens planejadas para o Rio Tapajós, localizado no Oeste do Pará, de um conjunto de cinco hidrelétricas previstas para a região. Pela primeira vez foi criado um projeto de comunicação sobre os projetos hidrelétricos durante a fase dos estudos, anterior ao licenciamento, revelando uma nova abordagem no embate em defesa dos interesses dos grandes agentes econômicos dentro dos processos de planejamento de construção de barragens. A partir do corpus coletado das publicações realizadas nos anos de 2013 e 2014 no Site e no Blog do projeto 'Diálogo Tapajós', juntamente com demais materiais de comunicação produzidos por movimentos sociais da região, identificamos um campo de tensão e disputa permanente entre os grupos de agentes que de um lado defendem um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, buscando a legitimação do discurso da energia limpa e do desenvolvimento sustentável, e de outro grupos que defendem a preservação ambiental com manutenção da biodiversidade Amazônica e do modo de vida das populações impactadas diretamente por estes grandes projetos. Palavras-chave: Hidrelétricas; Tapajós; Conflito; Poder; Comunicação. POWER AND CONFLICT IN ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY: analysis of communication texts produced in the planning of hydropower in Western Pará ABSTRACT This work carries out an analysis of the communication of the projection of the Hydroelectric Complex of the Tapajós, considering the relations of power between the agents of the field of the production of hydroelectric energy in the Amazon region, through the analysis of the texts produced and conveyed by the Group of Studies Tapajós, during the phase of studies of environmental impact and economical viability of the factories of Saint Luiz of the Tapajós and Jatobá, being the first dams planned for the Rio Tapajós, located in the West of the Pará, of a set of five hydroelectric predicted for the region. For the first time a communication project was created on the hydroelectric projects during the phase of the studies, previous to a licenciamento, revealing a new approach in the crash in defense of the interests of the great economical agents inside the processes of projection of construction of dams. From the collected corpus of the publications carried out in the years of 2013 and 2014 in the Site and in the Blog of the project 'Dialog Tapajós', together with too many materials of communication produced by social movements of the region, we identify a field of tension and constant argument between the groups of agents who from a side defend a model of economical development, looking for the legitimation of the speech of the clean energy and of the sustainable development, and of other groups that defend the environmental preservation with maintenance of the Amazonian biodiversidade and of the way of life of the populations impactadas straightly for these great projects. Keywords: Hydropower; Tapajos; Conflict; Power; Communication. PODER Y CONFLICTO EN LA POLÍTICA DE INFRAESTRUCTURA DE ENERGÍA: análisis de textos de comunicación producidos en la planificación de la energía hidroeléctrica en el Oeste de Pará RESUMEN En este trabajo se hace un análisis de la comunicación planificar complejo hidroeléctrico del Tapajós, teniendo en cuenta las relaciones de poder entre los agentes del campo de la producción de energía hidroeléctrica en el Amazonas, a través del análisis de textos elaborados y difundidos por el Grupo de Estudio Tapajós durante la fase de estudios de impacto ambiental y la viabilidad económica de las plantas de Sao Luiz do Tapajós y Jatobá, con las primeras presas proyectadas sobre el río Tapajós, que se encuentra en el oeste de Pará, un conjunto de cinco represas planificadas para la región. Por primera vez se creó un proyecto de comunicación en proyectos hidroeléctricos durante la fase de estudios previos a la concesión de licencias, revelando un nuevo enfoque en la lucha por defender los intereses de los principales actores económicos dentro de los procesos de planificación de la construcción de la presa. Desde el corpus recogido de publicaciones realizadas en los años 2013 y 2014 en el sitio y blog 'Tapajós diálogo "del proyecto, junto con otros materiales de comunicación producidos por los movimientos sociales de la región, hemos identificado un campo de tensión y disputa entre los grupos agentes de un lado defienden un modelo de desarrollo económico, tratando de legitimar el discurso de la energía limpia y el desarrollo sostenible, y otros grupos que defienden la preservación ambiental con el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad amazónica y los medios de vida de las personas directamente afectadas por las estos grandes proyectos. Palabras clave: Energía Hidroeléctrica; Tapajós; Conflicto; Potencia; Comunicación.

Abstract Irrigation water pricing is an economic regulation instrument widely used in agriculture. Constant annual pricing is always criticized by local decision-makers as well as scientific researchers because it does not take into account the seasonal availability of water in the context of climate change. This study proposes a mathematical programming model to test alternative seasonal pricing scenarios in the context of climate change. This model is applied at farm level in the Kalâa Kebira region of East-Central Tunisia. The results show that summer seasonal pricing was economically beneficial for large farms, while winter pricing was beneficial for small and average farms. Water savings were only possible for small farms using 89% of available water in summer and for average farms using 93% of available water in winter. On the other hand, the sensitivity test proved that when water demand is elastic, increasing seasonal pricing of irrigation water by a rate between 20 and 30% generates water savings for different types of farms. This seasonal water saving is also accompanied by optimal use of agricultural labor and diversity of cultivated areas.

In this study the potential increase of extreme precipitation in a future warmer European climate has been examined. Output from the regional climate model (RCM) HIRHAM4 covering Europe has been analysed for two periods, a control period 1961–1990 and a scenario 2071–2100, the latter following the IPCC scenario A2. The model has a resolution of about 12 km, which is unique compared with existing RCM studies that typically operate at 25–50 km scale, and make the results relevant to hydrological phenomena occurring at the spatial scale of the infrastructure designed to drain off rainfall in large urban areas. Extreme events with one- and 24-hour duration were extracted using the Partial Duration Series approach, a Generalized Pareto Distribution was fitted to the data and T-year events for return periods from 2 to 100 years were calculated for the control and scenario period in model cells across Europe. The analysis shows that there will be an increase of the intensity of extreme events generally in Europe; Scandinavia will experience the highest increase and southern Europe the lowest. A 20 year 1-hour precipitation event will for example become a 4 year event in Sweden and a 10 year event in Spain. Intensities for short durations and high return periods will increase the most, which implies that European urban drainage systems will be challenged in the future.

AbstractThe identification of projected changes in temperature caused by global warming at a fine-scale spatial resolution is of great importance for the high-altitude glacier and snow covered Upper Indus Basin. This study used a multimodel ensemble mean bias-correction technique which uses the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method to correct the bias of ensemble mean of seven CMIP6 GCMs outputs with reference to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5). The bias-corrected data have a nonlinear trend of seven GCMs but interannual variance and mean climate of ERA5 dataset. The dataset spans from 1985 to 2100 for historical and future climate scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585) at daily time intervals with a 1 km grid resolution. The result of different scenarios indicates that the increase in maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) ranging from 1.5 to 5.4 °C and 1.8 to 6.8 °C from 2015 to 2100, respectively. Similarly, elevation-dependent warming is identified in Tmin from 1.7 to 7.0 °C at elevations <2,000 to 6,000 m asl, while the contrary relationship in Tmax is projected under different scenarios from 2015 to 2100. This study provides an insight into how to improve the GCMs projections and can be helpful for further climate change impact studies.

This study investigates the physical basis of temperature‐index models for three glaciers in contrasting climates: Zongo (16°S, 5050 m, Bolivian Tropics), St Sorlin (45°N, 2760 m, French Alps), and Storglaciären (67°N, 1370 m, northern Sweden). The daily energy fluxes were computed during melt seasons and correlated with each other and with air temperature on and outside the glacier. The relative contribution of each flux to the correlations between temperature and melt energy was assessed. At Zongo, net short‐wave radiation controls the variability of the energy balance and is poorly correlated to temperature. On tropical glaciers, temperature remains low and varies little, melt energy is poorly correlated to temperature, and degree‐day models are not appropriate to simulate daily melting. At the yearly scale, the temperature is better correlated to the mass balance because it integrates the ablation and the accumulation processes over a long time period. At Sorlin, the turbulent sensible heat flux is greater because of higher temperatures, but melt variability is still controlled by short‐wave radiation. Temperature correlates well with melt energy mainly through short‐wave radiation, probably because of diurnal advection of warm air from the valley. At Storglaciären, high correlations between temperature and melt energy result from substantial variability of the sensible and latent heat fluxes (which both supply energy to the glacier), and their good correlations with temperature. In the three climates, long‐wave irradiance is the main source of energy, but its variability is small and poorly correlated to the temperature mainly because cloud emissions dominate its variability.

Significance Climatic extremes cause significant damage to the environment and society, and can cause even more damage when multiple extremes occur simultaneously. This study shows that although there is no significant trend in meteorological drought, the concurrence of meteorological droughts and heatwaves shows statistically significant increases across the United States. We show that the tail of the distribution of concurrent drought and heatwave conditions has shifted toward more frequent and extreme concurrent extremes. Our study outlines a statistical approach for investigating continuous change in the cumulative distribution functions of climatic extremes.

Soil moisture plays an important role in the land surface model. In this paper, a method of using VV polarization Sentinel-1 SAR and Landsat optical data to retrieve soil moisture data was proposed by combining the water cloud model (WCM) and the deep belief network (DBN). Since the simple combination of training data in the neural network cannot effectively improve the accuracy of the soil moisture inversion results, a WCM physical model was used to eliminate the effect of vegetation cover on the ground backscatter, in order to obtain the bare soil backscatter coefficient. This improved the correlation of ground soil backscatter characteristics with soil moisture. A DBN soil moisture inversion model based on the bare soil backscatter coefficients as the foundation training data combined with radar incidence angle and terrain factors obtained good inversion results. Studies in the Naqu area of the Tibetan Plateau showed that vegetation cover had a significant effect on the soil moisture, and the goodness of fit (R2) between the backscatter coefficient and soil moisture before and after the elimination of vegetation cover was 0.38 and 0.50, respectively. The correlation between the backscatter coefficient and the soil moisture was improved after eliminating the vegetation cover. The inversion results of the DBN soil moisture model were further improved through iterative parameters. The model prediction reached its highest level of accuracy when the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) was set to seven layers, the bias and R were 0.007 and 0.88, respectively. Ten-fold cross-validation showed that the DBN soil moisture model performed stably with different data. The prediction was further improved when the bare soil backscatter coefficient was used as the training data. The mean values of the root mean square error (RMSE), the inequality coefficient (TIC), and the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) were 0.023, 0.09, and 11.13, respectively.

Abstract The radiological environment around Wolsong NPP site has been monitored since Wolsong Unit 1 started commercial operation in 1983, as required by regulations in Korea. As a result of the periodic safety review on Wolsong Unit 3 & 4 in 2011, the regulator recommended that an assessment on the long-term accumulation trend of environmental radioactivity around Wolsong Unit 3 & 4 should be performed. In response to this, the assessment was performed based on environmental monitoring data and non-parametric statistical tool (i.e., Mann–Kendall Test). The environmental monitoring data included indicator organisms, soil and marine deposit which were usually monitored for verification of the typical radioactivity level. Most results of the assessment showed no trend and only a few results showed a slight increase. It was concluded that the radioactivity accumulation due to the operation of the plant was insignificant and thus no concern has been raised regarding any effect on the safety and health of the residents around Wolsong NPP site. It is expected that the result of this study could be utilized to establish the plan and policy for environmental monitoring at other NPP sites.