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The database presents the scenario results of an exploratory research, carried out at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA): the Low Energy Demand (LED) study (Grubler et al. 2018). The LED scenario explored how far transformative changes that combine technological changes, end-use efficiency, and new business models for energy service provision can lead for lowering energy demand, and how these changes could drive deep decarbonisation in the long-term. The scenario development methodology included a bottom-up analysis of how currently existing, though often embryonic, social, institutional, and technological trends could become mainstream with resulting step-changes in efficiency and resulting lowered energy demand. The bottom-up demand estimations were then further explored for their supply side and emissions and climate implications with a top-down modeling framework drawing on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) framework (Riahi et al. 2017). The results show that global final energy demands can be drastically reduced in 2050, to around 245 EJ/yr, or 40% lower than today, whilst significantly expanding human welfare and reducing global development inequalities. According to the knowledge of the authors, LED is the lowest long-term global energy demand scenario ever published. The LED scenario meets the 1.5°C climate target in 2100 without overshoot and keeps the global mean temperature increase below 1.5°C with a probability of more than 60%, without requiring controversial negative emission technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), that figure prominently in the emission scenario literature (Rogelj et al. 2015, Anderson and Peters 2016, Creutzig et al. 2016, Smith et al. 2016). Furthermore, the beneficial impacts of the LED scenario on a range of other sustainable development goals are also shown, demonstrating that efficiency of energy services provision plays a critical role in reaching low-energy futures without compromising increased living standards in the Global South, while at the same time reducing adverse social and environmental impacts of climate mitigation strategies that focus predominantly on large-scale supply-side transformations. The research is published in a peer-reviewed article in Nature Energy (Grubler et al. 2018) with ample supplementary information. Water consumption and withdrawal data are published in Parkinson et al. (2018). The data is available for download from the LED Database. The content of the LED database and any derived analysis may only be used for non-commercial scientific publications, articles, educational purposes, figures and data tables provided that the source reference pursuant to section 'Required citation' is included and all relevant publications are correctly cited. Partial reproductions of the database content may be stored in online repositories, if this is necessary to comply with a journal's data archiving and access requirements. Such reproductions must be limited to the scope of the manuscript in question, and must include a hyperlink to the source database hosted at https://db1.ene.iiasa.ac.at/LEDDB and the download date from the source database. However, any wholesale duplication, translation, reworking, processing, arrangement, transformation, or reproduction through the internet or any other channels, of the https://db1.ene.iiasa.ac.at/LEDDEB for commercial or non-commercial purposes is not permitted without the explicit written approval of IIASA.

Dataset Province of South Holland: data collection took place in December 2020 – April 2021; the data was collected using the Dutch pre-paid panel Panelinzicht. Datasets Municipality Gorinchem Phase 1 & Phase 2: We conducted a questionnaire study among the inhabitants of the municipality of Gorinchem living within a 500m-2000m distance from where the wind park would potentially be sited. Data gathering took place in two phases, which corresponded to two key moments in the Municipality’s initiated public participation activities regarding the possibility of placing the wind turbines. The first phase of data gathering took place in February-March 2022, at the very beginning of the participatory process. The second phase of data gathering took place in September, 2022, after the Municipality has finalised the public participation procedure.

The use of renewable energy sources is growing rapidly as an alternative to conventional sources and it has been argued that community-based renewable and non-renewable energy projects found on public participation are more likely to be accepted by the public than top-down large schemes and may bring additional benefits, such as increased cooperation on sustainable energy issues. Consultations on coastal zones, energy and transport - 2019 Environmental awareness in the Baltic Sea region - 2019 Mapping of institutional vulnerability to climate change - 2019 Natural hazard awareness - 2019 13 years with the Lennart Meri Conference The data set contains raw data. Survey questionnaire is included. {"references": ["Troon, Marko et al; (2019). Survey Results associated to http://datadoi.ee/handle/33/165"]}

The objective of sustainable development will require active participation from the citizens, and from this perspective the private consumption has come into focus. The experience of consumption and sustainable development has this far been a disappointment. The individual’s consumption habits and preferences are difficult to change, as well as localizing shopping malls in the outskirts of cities and increasing the reliance of cars. There are a lot of different barriers which could be an obstacle for the principles of a sustainable development to have an impact on the private consumption behaviour. The study “Sustainable Citizenship 2009” focuses on how the Swedish citizens of today consider their own role as consumers in the context of the principles of sustainable development. This makes it possible to analyse which role knowledge and value has on the consumptions possibilities and obstacles to contribute to a sustainable development. “Sustainable Citizenship” deals specifically about how citizens use and value information, and about personal responsibility for sustainable development. Purpose: To contribute with new knowledge about the obstacles and possibilities which affect how Swedish citizens could act in a sustainable way. Målet om en hållbar utveckling kräver medborgarens aktiva medverkan och detta har gjort att inte minst den privata konsumtionen har kommit i blickfånget. Erfarenheterna kring konsumtion och hållbar utveckling har hittills varit mycket nedslående. Individers konsumtionsvanor är svårföränderliga samt att lokaliseringen av köpcentrum i utkanten av tätorter som leder till mer biltrafik. Det finns många olika slags barriärer som hindrar principerna om en hållbar utveckling att få genomslag i de privata konsumtionsmönstren. Studien "Hållbart medborgarskap 2009" fokuserar på hur dagens svenska medborgare uppfattar sig själva i sin roll som konsumenter i ljuset av principerna för hållbar utveckling. Detta gör det möjligt att granska vilken roll kunskap och värdering spelar för konsumtionens möjligheter och hinder för att bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Specifikt handlar det om hur medborgaren använder och värderar information, personligt ansvar för hållbar utveckling samt hur individens värdesystem påverkar dess praktiska handlande. Syfte: Att bidra med ny kunskap om de hinder och möjligheter som påverkar hur svenska medborgare kan agera på ett hållbart sätt.

Solar PV and battery storage technologies are known to provide savings to customers in the form of reduced electricity charges. Currently, these savings are only determined for the volume component (kWh) and not the demand component (kW or kVA). As interest grows in commercial solar PV and battery storage installations, the need to predict demand charge reductions is great. The aim of this research is to determine, with accuracy and reliability, the ability of solar PV and battery storage technologies in reducing demand charges. Results have shown that when simulated against a commercial-scale electricity consumption profile solar PV was able to reduce the maximum demand across five electricity networks in Australia by 0.05–1.51%. When coupled with a 12 kWh battery storage an additional 1.31–2.02% reduction was experienced. Battery utilisation strategy was shown to be critical in yielding greater demand reduction from the battery storage. Notably, it was shown that in the Ergon Energy electricity network, battery storage was able to supply demand at 34% lower cost ($/kW) than the network was able to. The results detail the first instance of demand reduction evaluation of solar PV coupled with battery storage, focusing on physical and financial outcomes in an Australian context.

Abstract The subject of energy saving in distillation column sequencing is of critical importance. Heat integration in a multicomponent separation can be industrialized by saving considerable energy and cost. In this work, external heat-integrated distillation column with external heat exchanger has been studied and the annual cost function has been optimized using Genetic Algorithm. Introducing the layout and binary matrices enabled the investigation of all possible locations for the heat exchanger arrangement successfully. Moreover, exchangers heat loads and compressors pressure, have also been considered as optimization variables. Benzene, toluene, xylene and n-alkanes, separations have been studied as case studies. It has been demonstrated that the proposed optimization method in the alkane separation case decreased the total annual cost by 22.6% in comparison with the proposed thermally coupled distillation sequence columns. The heat integration of external heat exchangers in an external heat-integrated distillation column configuration and the proposed dived-wall column resulted in decreasing the total annual cost by 17% and 39% respectively, in comparison with conventional distillation columns.

Abstract Nucleonic considerations of fusion reactor blankets design are reviewed, and blanket design approaches are illustrated. Non-nuclear blanket design considerations are only briefly reviewed. The review concentrates on blankets for D-T fusion power reactors but considers also blankets for fusion power reactors based on D-D fusion, as well as blankets for high temperature heat source and for non-electrical applications of fusion.

The consequence of exposure to the effluents of power plants that elicits the most concern is probably the induction of cancers. Due mainly to the high uncertainty of epidemiological surveys on exposure to low doses of mutagens, observations performed up to now on man have provided contradictory and inconclusive results. Since a high correlation exists between the mutagenicity of environmental agents and their carcinogenic properties, an attempt has been made to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of the different forms of energy production on the basis of the results of short term tests performed on the effluents of several power plants. Any energy source is associated with such risks and, in spite of the fact that real comparative studies were not available, coal as a source of energy presents obviously higher mutagenic potential than nuclear power. Renewable forms of energy are cleaner but are, however, not entirely devoid of health impacts.

Abstract Hydrothermal conversion coupled with high pressure water and steam of three de-oiled non-edible seed cakes of Jatropha curcasa, Pongammia pinnata and Tung to biocrude is explored in this work. The cakes were characterized for proximate, ultimate and ligno-cellulosic compositions using ASTM and TAPPI standard methods. All studies were conducted at high temperature and pressure in a semi-batch autoclave. Highest conversion with maximum biocrude yield (∼35.3%) was obtained with P. pinnata cake. Silica adsorption chromatography result showed higher oxygenated aromatics subfraction in both Tung biocrude and Jatropha biocrude. GC/MS qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of heavy, oxygenated/ nitrogenous and poly aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon number ranging from C 5 -C 47 in the biocrude. The viscosity, pH, density, total acidic number (TAN) and water content of biocrudes were evaluated using various standard methods. 34.2 to 45.8% increases in the calorific value is observed for biomass to biocrude. Biochar obtained were characterized using proximate and ultimate analysis and SEM, TGA techniques. Higher calorific values (24.7–26.3 MJ/kg) of all the biochar make them suitable for their potential application as briquettes in the furnace for power generation.