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The data contains three supporting datasets: 1. Mid-intertidal data 2. Vertical transect data 3. GPS coordinates for all sites

Poleward range extensions by warm-adapted sea urchins are switching temperate marine ecosystems from kelp-dominated to barren-dominated systems that favour the establishment of range-extending tropical fishes. Yet, such tropicalization may be buffered by ocean acidification, which reduces urchin grazing performance and the urchin barrens that tropical range-extending fishes prefer. Using ecosystems experiencing natural warming and acidification, we show that ocean acidification could buffer warming-facilitated tropicalization by reducing urchin populations (by 87%) and inhibiting the formation of barrens. This buffering effect of CO2 enrichment was observed at natural CO2 vents that are associated with a shift from a barren-dominated to a turf-dominated state, which we found is less favourable to tropical fishes. Together, these observations suggest that ocean acidification may buffer the tropicalization effect of ocean warming against urchin barren formation via multiple processes (fewer urchins and barrens) and consequently slow the increasing rate of tropicalization of temperate fish communities. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2021-07-26.

Transmitted solar irradiance was measured using an ACC (Advanced-Cosine-Collector) RAMSES hyper-spectral radiometer (TriOS) mounted on the ROV during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023 and normalized by the incident solar irradiance as measured using an ACC RAMSES hyper-spectral radiometer (TriOS) installed on-board the ship. All times are given in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).

Incident solar irradiance was measured using an ACC (Advanced-Cosine-Collector) RAMSES hyper-spectral radiometer (TriOS) installed on-board the ship during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. All times are given in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).

Incident solar irradiance was measured using an ACC (Advanced-Cosine-Collector) RAMSES hyper-spectral radiometer (TriOS) installed on-board the ship during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. All times are given in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).

Solar radiation over and under drifting sea ice was measured using RAMSES hyper-spectral radiometers (TriOS) mounted on the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the ARTofMELT2023 expedition in May and June 2023. All data are given in full spectral resolution interpolated to 1.0 nm, integrated over the entire wavelength range (broadband, total: 320 to 950 nm), and integrated over the photosynthetically active radiation wavelength range (PAR: 400 to 700 nm). Two sensors were mounted on the ROV, an irradiance sensor (transmitted solar irradiance, ACC: Advanced-Cosine-Collector) for energy budget calculations and a radiance sensor (transmitted solar radiance, ARC: Advanced-Radiance-Collector with a 7° opening angle) to obtain high-resolution spatial variability. One additional radiometer was installed on - board the ship for reference measurements (incident solar irradiance, ACC). This is a raw data set, including all recorded spectra without any selection. Along with the radiation measurements, ROV positions were obtained from an acoustic Long Base Line (LBL) positioning system (LinkQuest Pinpoint). ROV depth was measured by a pressure sensor (Keller A-21Y, Keller AG). All times are given in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).

This dataset includes the current version of the indicative distribution maps and profiles for Ecosystem Functional Groups - Level 3 of IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (v2.1). Please refer to Keith et al. (2020) and Keith et al. (2022). The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes for each functional group of ecosystems to enable any ecosystem type to be assigned to a group. Maps are indicative of global distribution patterns and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Most maps were prepared using a coarse-scale template (e.g. ecoregions), but some were compiled from higher resolution spatial data where available (see details in profiles). Higher resolution mapping is planned in future publications. We emphasise that spatial representation of Ecosystem Functional Groups does not follow higher-order groupings described in respective ecoregion classifications. Consequently, when Ecosystem Functional Groups are aggregated into functional biomes (Level 2 of the Global Ecosystem Typology), spatial patterns may differ from those of biogeographic biomes. Differences reflect the distinctions between functional and biogeographic interpretations of the term, “biome”. The PLuS Alliance supported a workshop in London to initiate development. DAK, EN, RTK, JRFP, JAR & NJM were supported by ARC Linkage Grants LP170101143 and LP180100159 and the MAVA Foundation. The IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management supported travel for DAK to present aspects of the research to peers and stakeholders at International Congresses on Conservation Biology in 2017 and 2019, and at meetings in Africa, the middle east, and Europe. {"references": ["Keith, David et al. (Eds.) (2020) 'The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology v2.0: Descriptive profiles for Biomes and Ecosystem Functional Groups'. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en.", "Keith, David et al. (2022) 'A function-based typology for Earth's ecosystems'. Nature DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4"]}