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Poleward range extensions by warm-adapted sea urchins are switching temperate marine ecosystems from kelp-dominated to barren-dominated systems that favour the establishment of range-extending tropical fishes. Yet, such tropicalization may be buffered by ocean acidification, which reduces urchin grazing performance and the urchin barrens that tropical range-extending fishes prefer. Using ecosystems experiencing natural warming and acidification, we show that ocean acidification could buffer warming-facilitated tropicalization by reducing urchin populations (by 87%) and inhibiting the formation of barrens. This buffering effect of CO2 enrichment was observed at natural CO2 vents that are associated with a shift from a barren-dominated to a turf-dominated state, which we found is less favourable to tropical fishes. Together, these observations suggest that ocean acidification may buffer the tropicalization effect of ocean warming against urchin barren formation via multiple processes (fewer urchins and barrens) and consequently slow the increasing rate of tropicalization of temperate fish communities. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2021-07-26.

The data set has been processed and contains quality flags for different kinds for erroneous data. Flag values are the sum of individual error codes. The value of 0 refers to no error. Quality flag, sun: If the suns position is close to the horizon, the radiometers measure a very noisy signal. Radiometer measurements and variables which are computed from them are flagged +1 if the sun elevation is below 10 degrees; +2 if the broad band albedo exceeds the threshold 1.05 .This buoy had no own GPS source. It was located at the Central Observertory (CO1) of MOSAiC. The drift track of CO1 is published here:Nicolaus, Marcel; Riemann-Campe, Kathrin; Bliss, Angela; Hutchings, Jennifer K; Granskog, Mats A; Haas, Christian; Hoppmann, Mario; Kanzow, Torsten; Krishfield, Richard A; Lei, Ruibo; Rex, Markus; Li, Tao; Rabe, Benjamin (2021): Drift trajectory of the Central Observatory 1 (CO1) of the Distributed Network of MOSAiC 2019/2020. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937184 Solar radiation over and under sea ice was measured by radiation station 2020R13, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting First-Year-Ice (FYI) in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 3) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes radiation measurements as a function of place and time between 06 May 2020 and 15 May 2020 in sample intervals of 10 minutes. The radiation measurements have been performed with spectral radiometers. All data are given in full spectral resolution interpolated to 1.0 nm, and integrated over the entire wavelength range (broadband, total: 320 to 950 nm). Two sensors, solar irradiance and upward reflected solar irradiance, were mounted on a on a platform about 1 m above the sea ice surface. The third sensor was mounted 0.5 m underneath the sea ice measuring the downward transmitted irradiance.

The CARBO-ACID research cruise (EUROFLEETS+ SEA02_10) was carried out on the RV Ramón Margalef between August 2nd and August 11st, with departing from Vigo – Spain and ending in Lisbon – Portugal. The main objective of this cruise was to collect data and samples to study the potential effects of ocean acidification on carbonate marine organisms (coccolithophores, pteropods, planktonic and benthic foraminifera, and corals) along the Iberian margin. With this objective, oceanographic data and water samples, plankton, cold-water corals and sediment samples were collected during an upwelling season, along two transects coinciding with the two persistent upwelling filaments off the Iberia Margin: the Cape Finisterra and the Cape Roca. In this dataset is guiven all the acquired data recollected onboad. During the CARBO-ACID cruise we did a total of 7 stations, 4 stations along the Cape Finisterra transect (from W to E: CA3, CA2, CA7, CA8) and 3 stations at the Cape Roca (from W to E: CA6, CA5, CA4) transect (Fig). At each station we usually started with a multibeam survey, a CTD and Rosette cast. These initial operations allowed to identify the different water masses present in this area, characterize their physical properties and to recover seawater samples at specific depth levels. The seawater samples were onboard subsampled, preserved in cold conditions or with chemicals and/ or filtered for several further analysis in the shore-based laboratories: DNA, chlorophyll, fitoplankton, coccolithophores, pH, alkalinity, stable isotopic composition, trace elements concentration and Suspend Particulate Matter. Subsequently to these operations, at each station, two vertical tows with a plankton multinet (with 5 nets) were done on the top 700 m of the water column to sample the planktonic communities of the different water depths. After this, sediment samples were recovered with a box-corer to study the past oceanographic conditions, between the pre-industrial Era and the Present, with multi-proxies used in paleoceanography and sedimentology. A total of 10 box-cores were recollected and each of them was onboard sub-sampled for eDNA, enzymes and benthic foraminifera. Fifteen shipek grab samples were recollected at the Fontanelas seamount (Estremadura Spur), station CA6, to characterize the sedimentary cover and to evaluate the presence of deep cold-water corals. Preliminary results show that the stations CA7, CA8 and CA4, located close to the coast, as expected, are the most influenced by the coastal upwelling, exhibiting colder surface water, higher values of fluorescence, and more zooplankton content reflecting higher phyto-zooplankton concentrations, as typical of the upwelling waters. At station CA4 temperature was higher and fluorescence showed lower values, indicative of less phytoplankton, and interpreted as indicating a different upwelling source water from that upwelled further north. Based on the CTD data, the Cape Roca transect is more influenced by the subtropical East North Atlantic Central Water (ENACWst), while the Cape Finisterra transect is more under the influence of the subpolar branch (ENACWsp). Seafloor sediment samples showed significant differences between the stations. Along the northern transect (Cape Finisterra) the seafloor sediments show an increase in grain size from the offshore to the coast. The offshore stations CA3 and CA2 revealed finer grained sediments, CA8 were composed of coarser sand and the station CA7, the shallowest station 77 m, presented the sediment composed mainly of shell fragments and coarse grain sand. Along the southern transect (Cape Roca), the offshore station CA6 (Fontanelas seamount) has coarser sandy sediments with rock clasts and cold-water coral fragments, and the stations CA5 and CA4 with fine sand to muddy sediments. The detailed CA6 bathymetry allowed to verify the existence of small plateaus on the slope of the Fontanelas seamount, where the fossil cold-water corals fragments were found, suggesting that this area is a very interesting system deserving further study with a ROV, and to characterize the corals fields and verify if there are live corals. These recollected data and samples will allow not only to reconstruct the pH variability under different environmental conditions, but also to estimate the biogeochemical changes along the coastal ocean waters as the anthropogenic influence increases. These results will contribute to better understand and model the effects on the biota under the future expected oceans pH changes.

The data contains vulnerability estimates (climate niche factor analysis) for 49 native fish species in the upper Danube River basin. The upper Danube River basin is mainly located in Germany and Austria. The time frame covered is 300 years from 1800 to 2100 including two Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Vulnerability estimates are calculated for three time frames (1800-1830; 1900-1930and 2070-2100 (including two RCPs)) with the time frame 1970-2000 as the baseline. In all files the zone column gives the basin ID for the master basins layer. The mean column gives the mean vulnerability estimate for a sub-basin for a certain species. For the future scenarios the different predictions based on the different GCM-RCM combinations have to be combined using the median and the zone as unique identifier.

Solar radiation over and under sea ice was measured by an autonomous platform, installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the SV TARA drift campaign in 2007 (station name 2007R24). The resulting time series describes radiation measurements as a function of place and time between 28 April 2007 and 05 September 2007 in sample intervals of 30 minutes. The radiation measurements have been performed with spectral radiometers. All data are given in full spectral resolution interpolated to 1.0 nm, and integrated over the entire wavelength range (broadband, total: 320 to 950 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm). Two sensors, solar irradiance and upward reflected solar irradiance, were mounted on a on a platform about 2 m above the sea ice surface. The third sensor was mounted 1.4 m underneath the sea ice measuring the downward transmitted irradiance. The data set has been processed and contains quality flags for different kinds for erroneous data. Flag values are the sum of individual error codes. The value of 0 refers to no error. Quality flag, sun: If the suns position is close to the horizon, the radiometers measure a very noisy signal. Radiometer measurements and variables which are computed from them are flagged +1 if the sun elevation is below 10 degrees; +2 if the broad band albedo exceeds the threshold 1.05 .

The tethered balloon system BELUGA (Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere) was operated during leg 4 of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC). The balloon was operated from the Balloon Town site in the central observatory, close to RV Polarstern (Shupe et al., 2022, Elementa). Balloon payload included an extended meteorological package, an ultrasonic anemometer package, a broadband radiation package, the video ice particle sampler, and the cubic aerosol measurement platform. An overview showing the value of the combined observation is displayed by Lonardi et al. (in review). The data processing is described in Pilz et al. (in preparation). The present dataset covers the solar irradiances measured by the broadband radiation package on 18 flights between 29 June and 27 July 2020. Profiles of downward and upward raw solar radiation, latitude, longitude, roll, pitch, yaw, and radiometer icing flag. Geopotential height is derived from the pressure.

Robust estimates of marine species vulnerability to ongoing climate change require realistic stressor experiments. Here, we subjected an important coastal predator, the sea star Asterias rubens, to projected warming and ocean acidification over an annual seasonal cycle. Warming and, less so, acidification, had strongly season-specific impacts on animal energy budgets. Specifically, simulated future summer temperatures caused >95% sea star mortality, reduced feeding rate and body mass loss. Additional acute experiments demonstrated that respiratory oxygen flux was preferentially directed to support high summer metabolism at the expense of feeding-related processes. Using 15 years of field temperature data and end of century warming projections, we estimate that potentially lethal summer heat waves will occur in 20% of future years. Our study demonstrates the importance of assessing stress responses along seasonal thermal cycles and the high selective force that future summer heat waves likely can exert on coastal marine animal populations.

Abstract: The Northern Gannet Morus bossanus is an avian sentinel; the largest breeding seabird in Ireland and an obligate piscivore. Gannet eggs were collected from two island colonies off the east coast of Ireland, approximately 150km from each other, in locations with divergent history of industrialization (n = 10-20). Levels of potentially harmful contaminants including Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Organochlorine pesticides (OCs), heavy metals and mercury were measured and differences of contaminant concentrations between different colonies compared. This is the first such study of contaminant levels in Gannet, or in any seabird egg in Ireland. Stable isotopes of carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N) were measured in each egg to understand the influence of diet in contaminant levels detected. Significantly higher levels of PCBs, PBDEs and mercury were detected near Dublin (Ireland's industrialized capital city and location of its largest port) compared to Wexford. No differences were observed in levels of OCs and heavy metals between the two colonies. Stable isotope analysis demonstrated that Gannets in both locations occupy the same dietary niche excluding a difference in diet as the driver of differing contaminant levels in the two feeding areas. Though Gannets travel significant distances when foraging for food (~200km) tracking studies have shown that Gannets colonies maintain exclusive feeding areas with little overlap between neighbouring colonies. Differences between colonies within the feeding range of Gannets can therefore be detected despite Gannet's high dispersal ability. These results are in concurrence with elevated levels of contaminants in lower trophic level organisms that have been found in Dublin Bay compared to the rest of Ireland, indicating potential for Gannets as a higher trophic level indicator - though variability in their diet, including feeding on fishing discard, may lead to unacceptable levels of variability for an indicator species. Authors: Andrew Power��, Philip White��, Brendan McHugh��, Sinead Murphy��, Simon Berrow��, Moira Schlingermann��, Stephen Newton��, Linda O'Hea��, Brian Boyle��, Marissa Tannian��, Denis Crowley��, Evin McGovern��, Ian O'Connor�� ��Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, ��Marine Institute, ��BirdWatch Ireland