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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Joseph O. Ogutu;
    Joseph O. Ogutu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Joseph O. Ogutu in OpenAIRE
    orcid Norman Owen‐Smith;
    Norman Owen‐Smith
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Norman Owen‐Smith in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hans‐Peter Piepho;
    Hans‐Peter Piepho
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Hans‐Peter Piepho in OpenAIRE
    Holly T. Dublin;

    Dans les latitudes tempérées élevées, les ongulés donnent généralement naissance dans une fenêtre temporelle étroite lorsque les conditions sont optimales pour la survie de la progéniture au printemps ou au début de l'été, et utilisent une photopériode changeante pour les conceptions temporelles afin d'anticiper ces conditions. Cependant, dans les basses latitudes tropicales, la variation de la durée du jour est minime et la variation des précipitations rend le cycle saisonnier moins prévisible. Néanmoins, plusieurs espèces d'ongulés conservent des pics de naissance étroits dans de telles conditions, tandis que d'autres montrent que les naissances se propagent assez largement tout au long de l'année. Nous avons étudié comment la variation des précipitations d'une année à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre a influencé le moment de la reproduction de quatre espèces d'ongulés montrant ces modèles contrastés dans la région de Masai Mara au Kenya. Les quatre espèces présentaient des pics de naissance au cours de la période optimale putative au début de la saison humide. Pour le hartebeest et l'impala, le pic de naissance est diffus et la progéniture naît tout au long de l'année. En revanche, le topi et le phacochère ont montré une concentration saisonnière étroite de naissances, avec des conceptions supprimées une fois que les précipitations mensuelles sont tombées en dessous d'un seuil. Les fortes précipitations de la saison précédente et les fortes pluies précoces de l'année en cours ont amélioré la survie au stade juvénile de toutes les espèces, à l'exception de l'impala. Nos résultats révèlent comment la variation des précipitations affectant la croissance des graminées et donc la nutrition des herbivores peut régir la phénologie reproductive des ongulés dans les latitudes tropicales où la variation de la longueur du jour est minime. Le mécanisme sous-jacent semble être la suppression des conceptions une fois que les gains nutritionnels deviennent insuffisants. En réagissant de manière proximale à la variation des précipitations au cours de l'année, les ongulés de la savane tropicale sont moins susceptibles d'être affectés négativement par les conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur la phénologie de la végétation que les ongulés du Nord montrant un contrôle photopériodique plus rigide sur le moment de la reproduction. En latitudes templadas altas, los ungulados generalmente dan a luz dentro de una ventana de tiempo estrecha cuando las condiciones son óptimas para la supervivencia de la descendencia en primavera o principios del verano, y utilizan conceptos cambiantes de fotoperíodo a tiempo para anticipar estas condiciones. Sin embargo, en latitudes tropicales bajas, la variación de la duración del día es mínima, y la variación de las precipitaciones hace que el ciclo estacional sea menos predecible. Sin embargo, varias especies de ungulados conservan picos de nacimiento estrechos en tales condiciones, mientras que otras muestran nacimientos muy extendidos a lo largo del año. Investigamos cómo la variación interanual de las precipitaciones influyó en el tiempo reproductivo de cuatro especies de ungulados que muestran estos patrones contrastantes en la región de Masai Mara en Kenia. Las cuatro especies exhibieron picos de nacimiento durante el periodo óptimo putativo en la estación húmeda temprana. Para hartebeest e impala, el pico de nacimiento era difuso y las crías nacían durante todo el año. Por el contrario, topi y jabalí mostraron una estrecha concentración estacional de nacimientos, con concepciones suprimidas una vez que las precipitaciones mensuales cayeron por debajo de un nivel umbral. Las altas precipitaciones en la temporada anterior y las altas lluvias tempranas en el año en curso mejoraron la supervivencia en la etapa juvenil para todas las especies, excepto los impalas. Nuestros hallazgos revelan cómo la variación de la precipitación que afecta el crecimiento de la hierba y, por lo tanto, la nutrición de los herbívoros, puede gobernar la fenología reproductiva de los ungulados en latitudes tropicales donde la variación de la duración del día es mínima. El mecanismo subyacente parece ser la supresión de las concepciones una vez que las ganancias nutricionales se vuelven insuficientes. Al responder proximalmente a la variación de las precipitaciones dentro del año, es menos probable que los ungulados de la sabana tropical se vean afectados negativamente por las consecuencias del calentamiento global para la fenología de la vegetación que los ungulados del norte que muestran un control fotoperiódico más rígido sobre el tiempo reproductivo. In high temperate latitudes, ungulates generally give birth within a narrow time window when conditions are optimal for offspring survival in spring or early summer, and use changing photoperiod to time conceptions so as to anticipate these conditions. However, in low tropical latitudes day length variation is minimal, and rainfall variation makes the seasonal cycle less predictable. Nevertheless, several ungulate species retain narrow birth peaks under such conditions, while others show births spread quite widely through the year. We investigated how within-year and between-year variation in rainfall influenced the reproductive timing of four ungulate species showing these contrasting patterns in the Masai Mara region of Kenya. All four species exhibited birth peaks during the putative optimal period in the early wet season. For hartebeest and impala, the birth peak was diffuse and offspring were born throughout the year. In contrast, topi and warthog showed a narrow seasonal concentration of births, with conceptions suppressed once monthly rainfall fell below a threshold level. High rainfall in the previous season and high early rains in the current year enhanced survival into the juvenile stage for all the species except impala. Our findings reveal how rainfall variation affecting grass growth and hence herbivore nutrition can govern the reproductive phenology of ungulates in tropical latitudes where day length variation is minimal. The underlying mechanism seems to be the suppression of conceptions once nutritional gains become insufficient. Through responding proximally to within-year variation in rainfall, tropical savanna ungulates are less likely to be affected adversely by the consequences of global warming for vegetation phenology than northern ungulates showing more rigid photoperiodic control over reproductive timing. في خطوط العرض المعتدلة العالية، تلد ذوات الحوافر عمومًا في غضون فترة زمنية ضيقة عندما تكون الظروف مثالية لبقاء النسل في الربيع أو أوائل الصيف، وتستخدم تغيير الفترة الضوئية إلى مفاهيم زمنية لتوقع هذه الظروف. ومع ذلك، في خطوط العرض الاستوائية المنخفضة، يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا، ويجعل تباين هطول الأمطار الدورة الموسمية أقل قابلية للتنبؤ. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الأنواع ذوات الحوافر تحتفظ بقمم ولادة ضيقة في ظل هذه الظروف، في حين أن البعض الآخر يظهر أن الولادات تنتشر على نطاق واسع خلال العام. لقد حققنا في كيفية تأثير التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام وبين الأعوام على التوقيت التكاثري لأربعة أنواع من ذوات الحوافر تظهر هذه الأنماط المتناقضة في منطقة ماساي مارا في كينيا. أظهرت جميع الأنواع الأربعة قمم ولادة خلال الفترة المثلى المفترضة في موسم الأمطار المبكر. بالنسبة لحيوان النحل والامبالا، كانت ذروة الولادة منتشرة وولدت ذرية على مدار العام. على النقيض من ذلك، أظهر التوبي والخنزير الحربي تركيزًا موسميًا ضيقًا للولادات، مع قمع المفاهيم بمجرد انخفاض هطول الأمطار الشهري إلى ما دون مستوى العتبة. عزز ارتفاع هطول الأمطار في الموسم السابق وارتفاع الأمطار المبكرة في العام الحالي البقاء على قيد الحياة في مرحلة الشباب لجميع الأنواع باستثناء الإمبالا. تكشف النتائج التي توصلنا إليها كيف أن تباين هطول الأمطار الذي يؤثر على نمو العشب وبالتالي تغذية الحيوانات العاشبة يمكن أن يحكم الفينولوجيا الإنجابية لذوات الحوافر في خطوط العرض الاستوائية حيث يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا. يبدو أن الآلية الأساسية هي قمع المفاهيم بمجرد أن تصبح المكاسب الغذائية غير كافية. من خلال الاستجابة القريبة من التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام، فإن ذوات الحوافر في السافانا الاستوائية أقل عرضة للتأثر سلبًا بعواقب الاحترار العالمي على فينولوجيا الغطاء النباتي من ذوات الحوافر الشمالية التي تظهر تحكمًا دوريًا ضوئيًا أكثر صرامة في توقيت التكاثر.

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    Authors: Chowdhury, Niaz Bahar; orcid Schroeder, Wheaton;
    Schroeder, Wheaton
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    Schroeder, Wheaton in OpenAIRE
    Sarkar, Debolina; Amiour, Nardjis; +4 Authors

    Abstract The growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) largely depends on its nutrient uptake through the root. Hence, studying its growth, response, and associated metabolic reprogramming to stress conditions is becoming an important research direction. A genome-scale metabolic model (GSM) for the maize root was developed to study its metabolic reprogramming under nitrogen stress conditions. The model was reconstructed based on the available information from KEGG, UniProt, and MaizeCyc. Transcriptomics data derived from the roots of hydroponically grown maize plants were used to incorporate regulatory constraints in the model and simulate nitrogen-non-limiting (N+) and nitrogen-deficient (N−) condition. Model-predicted flux-sum variability analysis achieved 70% accuracy compared with the experimental change of metabolite levels. In addition to predicting important metabolic reprogramming in central carbon, fatty acid, amino acid, and other secondary metabolism, maize root GSM predicted several metabolites (l-methionine, l-asparagine, l-lysine, cholesterol, and l-pipecolate) playing a regulatory role in the root biomass growth. Furthermore, this study revealed eight phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol metabolites which, even though not coupled with biomass production, played a key role in the increased biomass production under N-deficient conditions. Overall, the omics-integrated GSM provides a promising tool to facilitate stress condition analysis for maize root and engineer better stress-tolerant maize genotypes.

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    Authors: Leclere, David;

    Les systèmes agricoles sont intimement liés au changement climatique : ils sont d'une part affectés par la dérive de son état moyen et de sa variabilité, et sont d'autre part des contributeurs nets à l'évolution du climat par l'extension de leur surface et l'intensité de leur gestion. L'évolution du système climat-agriculture repose sur nombreux mécanismes qui s'étendent sur une large gamme d'échelles temporelles et spatiales, et sont interdépendants. Pour réduire l'incertitude associée à l'évolution de ce système et guider les choix collectifs pertinents, il est nécessaire d'intégrer ces processus sur cette gamme d'échelle temporelle et spatiale. Dans cette thèse, je me suis intéressé aux échelles spatiales allant de la plus petite unité décisionnelle des systèmes de production agricole (l'exploitation) à celle de la décision publique concernant ces interactions entre climat et agriculture (échelle nationale à supranationale). Je me suis d'autre part intéressé au court terme (quelques années) et à l'Europe. J'ai poursuivi le développement d'un outil de modélisation reposant sur le couplage du modèle d'offre agricole Européenne (AROPAj) et du modèle générique de culture (STICS), qui permet de prendre en compte les mécanismes adéquats à l'échelle du système de production, et leurs facteurs d'hétérogénéité à l'échelle de l'Europe. Cet outil m'a permis de mettre en valeur le rôle important à l'échelle Européenne des mécanismes de court-terme dans la réponse de l'offre agricole au changement climatique. En particulier, la prise en compte des adaptations de court terme des systèmes de production agricole modifie la vision habituellement retenue des impacts du changement climatique en Europe. J'ai de plus développé des méthodes alliant agronomie et statistique pour explorer l'hétérogénéité du comportement des principales cultures Européenne sous changement climatique entre régions, espèces et scénarios de changement climatique. Enfin, j'ai pu mettre en valeur la faible interaction en première analyse entre adaptation au changement climatique et réponse à la mise en place d'une politique réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre au niveau des systèmes de production agricole. Agriculture, and the climate system are closely linked: agricultural systems are driven by changes in mean climate and its variability, while their expansion and intensification contribute to the anthropogenic perturbation of the climate system. The evolution of the climate-agriculture system relies on numerous processes, which extend over a wide large range of temporal and spatial scale, and are intertwined. It is necessary to integrate these processes across scales in order to both reduce the uncertainty that overshadow the evolution of the system, and help clever decision making. In this work, I focused on that integration goal in the specific case of Europe for short-term time scales in a future horizon. I focused on typical spatial scales of decision making: from the smallest decision unit in agriculture (farm scale) to the one of policy making regarding agriculture-climate interactions (Europe). I continued the development of a modelling framework relying on the coupling of a microeconomic model of European agricultural supply (AROPAj) to a generic crop model (STICS), which account for adequate processes at farm scale, and for the factors that drive the heterogeneity in their net effects over Europe. This tool allowed me to highlight the specific role of farm-scale adaptations in the response of European agricultural supply to climate change. In particular, accounting for these processes alters the usual picture of climate change impacts over Europe. I further developed analytical methods building on agronomic and statistic knowledge to explore the heterogeneity in the response of major European crops, among geographical locations, species, and climate change scenarios. Finally, first results showed that at the farm scale, little interaction is expected between the adaptation to climate change and the implementation of a greenhouse gas mitigation policy targeting the agricultural sector.

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      Doctoral thesis . 2012
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      Doctoral thesis . 2012
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  • Authors: Vermeulen, Sonja J.; Abubakar Y; Conway, G.; Dziba L; +5 Authors

    Globally, agriculture is the mainstay of most well planned economies because it contributes significantly to the national GDP, creates employment, provides food for human sustenance, raw materials for industry and earns foreign exchange. Nigeria is blessed with tremendous agricultural resources spanning several agro-ecological zones. Nigeria’s total land area is 92.3 million ha with cultivable area estimated at 84 million ha, which is 91% of the total area. Forests account for 13% of the land area. Most of the country’s land area is fertile and conducive for growing a wide range of crops and raising livestock. Nigeria’s 853 kilometer coastline along the Gulf of Guinea is a gateway to a vast ocean which together with ample fresh water resources provided by the Niger and Benue river systems afford tremendous potential for fisheries and aquaculture/mariculture. Nigeria took advantage of these resources to establish itself as an agricultural powerhouse in the 1960s. According to statistics from the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), by 1961 the country accounted for 42% of the global trade in groundnut oil, 27% of the world’s palm oil industry and 18% of global trade in cocoa. The country was also self-sufficient in food production before the discovery of oil in the 1960s.

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  • Authors: Börner, J.; West, T.A.P.; Blackman, A.; Miteva, D.A.; +2 Authors
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  • Authors: Stirling, Clare M.;

    This report provides an overview of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting process for national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories with particular focus on the methodology used for estimating direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from mineral fertiliser. Examples are given of several schemes for sub-national or project- level approaches to monitor and estimate the impact of fertiliser best management practice (BMP) on direct N2O emission reductions. The extent to which these approaches align with those of the national inventory is evaluated and conclusions drawn on actions needed to close any gaps. Collectively, 63% of world fertiliser consumed is reported at the higher Tier 2 and Tier 3 levels. However, countries reporting at the Tier 1 level for direct N2O emissions from fertilisers still predominate, accounting for 180 of the total 191 reporting countries. Case studies of fertiliser BMP were generally found to align well with national inventory methods, mainly through the use of modifiers to Tier 1 & 2 emission factors (EFs). Good quality activity data (AD) is a main challenge to full alignment of project and national inventory-based estimates of fertiliser-induced emissions and emission reductions. Lack of quality AD also limits the extent to which national inventories can capture mitigation impacts. Given the early stage of developing accounting processes for agricultural GHGs, an opportunity now exists to design national GHG inventory processes to reflect emissions savings achieved through mitigation actions such as implementing fertiliser BMPs. To achieve this, it is necessary to strengthen the alignment among different policy instruments, inventory compilation processes and national data providers. In this respect, we should seize opportunities made available from instruments such as the Nationally Determined Contributions that would support development of project-specific, nationally consistent and inventory-aligned measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wassmann, Reiner; Pasco R; orcid Zerrudo J;
    Zerrudo J
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    Zerrudo J in OpenAIRE
    Ngo DM; +2 Authors

    The new GHG calculator named SECTOR (Source-selective and Emission-adjusted GHG CalculaTOR for Cropland) is based on the IPCC Tier 2 approach for rice as well as other crops. The new features of SECTOR facilitate high flexibility in terms of entering newly obtained emission factors, easy data transfer from crop statistics for entering activity data and detailed specifications of GHG scenarios. A new procedure of entering frequency-based data on current water management practices was also developed. Moreover, the tool allows deviating from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines by considering field records with high background levels of N₂O emissions in the overall assessment of GHG emissions. This article assesses different applications of the tool, namely as add-ons to field measurements, for GHG calculation at national/sectorial scale and within measurement, reporting and verification of development projects. SECTOR is downloadable in the form of templates that can be used to develop custom versions with varying levels of disaggregated data entries at different scales. A case study for rice production in one Vietnamese province demonstrates the potential to display GHG results in combination with GIS. SECTOR can easily be adjusted to incorporate new emission factors and calculation procedures expected in forthcoming revisions of the IPCC Guidelines.

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    Carbon Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Carbon Management
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2019
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    Access Routes
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2019
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  • Authors: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security;

    Manuel sur les poduits et services climatiques

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    Authors: orcid Abahous, Houria;
    Abahous, Houria
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    Abahous, Houria in OpenAIRE
    orcid Bouchaou, Lhoussaine;
    Bouchaou, Lhoussaine
    ORCID
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    Bouchaou, Lhoussaine in OpenAIRE
    orcid Chehbouni, Abdelghani;
    Chehbouni, Abdelghani
    ORCID
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    Chehbouni, Abdelghani in OpenAIRE

    In arid to semi-arid regions, vulnerability to climate change combined with the overexploitation of water resources is jeopardizing food security. In the Souss-Massa region in central Morocco, the rural population relies on growing olives for a living. The management of these orchards is mostly traditional under rainfed irrigation, which induces a high level of dependence on climate variability. In the present study, we investigate the long-term trends of the relationship between the observed olive yields and global climate patterns during the period 1973–2014. We apply lagged Spearman’s correlations and cross-wavelet analysis to detect the potential influence of El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the yield variability of olive orchards. The results of a Mann-Kendall test show a statistically significant decreasing trend in olive yields during the studied period. Statistically significant negative correlations were observed for (lag = −1) with spring and summer NINO 3.4 and with summer and autumn PDO. No statistically significant correlations between olive yields and NAO and IOD were observed. The results of wavelet coherence between annual olive yields and PDO and ENSO revealed that the highest values of power spectrum coherence occurred during the (lag = 0) spring PDO and (lag = −1) spring ENSO, both with an antiphase relationship. During the studied period, the extreme events of El Niña and El Niño years corresponded to below average yields.

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    Article . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
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    Authors: Yang, Li-Na; orcid Ouyang, Haibing;
    Ouyang, Haibing
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ouyang, Haibing in OpenAIRE
    orcid Nkurikiyimfura, Oswald;
    Nkurikiyimfura, Oswald
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Nkurikiyimfura, Oswald in OpenAIRE
    Fang, Hanmei; +4 Authors

    Effector genes, together with climatic and other environmental factors, play multifaceted roles in the development of plant diseases. Understanding the role of environmental factors, particularly climate conditions affecting the evolution of effector genes, is important for predicting the long-term value of the genes in controlling agricultural diseases. Here, we collected Phytophthora infestans populations from five locations along a mountainous hill in China and sequenced the effector gene Pi02860 from >300 isolates. To minimize the influence of other ecological factors, isolates were sampled from the same potato cultivar on the same day. We also expressed the gene to visualise its cellular location, assayed its pathogenicity and evaluated its response to experimental temperatures. We found that Pi02860 exhibited moderate genetic variation at the nucleotide level which was mainly generated by point mutation. The mutations did not change the cellular location of the effector gene but significantly modified the fitness of P. infestans. Genetic variation and pathogenicity of the effector gene were positively associated with the altitude of sample sites, possibly due to increased mutation rate induced by the vertical distribution of environmental factors such as UV radiation and temperature. We further found that Pi02860 expression was regulated by experimental temperature with reduced expression as experimental temperature increased. Together, these results indicate that UV radiation and temperature are important environmental factors regulating the evolution of effector genes and provide us with considerable insight as to their future sustainable action under climate and other environmental change.

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    Frontiers in Microbiology
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    Frontiers in Microbiology
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