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This study was aimed to enhance the flavor and some microbial, physiochemical and sensorial properties of yogurt by threonine and glycine. This study included the estimation (acetaldehyde, acetone and ethanol), acetaldehyde content was 13.46, 13.9, 19.52, 13.99, 28.76, 27.31 and 18.52 mg L-1 for (A) control treatment, (B) glycine 1g /L , (C) threonine 1 g/ L, (D) glycine 3 g/ L, (E) threonine 3 g/ L, (F) threonine 3g + glycine 1g / L and (G) glycine 3g + threonine 1g / L treatments respectively. Acetone content was 8.38, 8.26, 5.71, 8.12, 3.84, 3.11 and 5.49 mg L-1 for A, B, C, D, E, F and G treatments respectively. Ethanol content was 10.25, 10.17, 6.39, 10.16, 4.56, 4.16 and 6.21 mg L-1 for A, B, C, D, E, F and G treatments respectively. Lactobacillus bulgaricus count after the first day of manufacture were 7.38, 7.34, 7.49, 7.39, 7.70, 7.68 and 7.50 cfu mL-1 for A, B, C, D, E, F and G treatments respectively, after 28 days of manufacture was 6.25, 6.23, 6.32, 6.27, 6.51, 6.47 and 6.38 cfu mL-1 for A, B, C, D, E, F and G treatments respectively. Streptococcus thermophilus count after the first day of manufacture were 9.20, 9.14, 9.38, 9.30, 10.62, 10.53 and 9.47 cfu mL-1 for A, B, C, D, E, F and G treatments respectively, after 28 days of manufacture were 8.25, 8.11, 8.34, 8.27, 9.17, 9.11 and 8.36 cfu mL-1 for A, B, C, D, E, F and G treatments respectively after 28 days. The chemical composition did not change, there were no significant differences compared with treatments. Sensory evaluation score showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the treatments.

AbstractData capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research—from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non‐forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC‐BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology—from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

While the physical dimensions of climate change are now routinely assessed through multimodel intercomparisons, projected impacts on the global ocean ecosystem generally rely on individual models with a specific set of assumptions. To address these single-model limitations, we present standardized ensemble projections from six global marine ecosystem models forced with two Earth system models and four emission scenarios with and without fishing. We derive average biomass trends and associated uncertainties across the marine food web. Without fishing, mean global animal biomass decreased by 5% (±4% SD) under low emissions and 17% (±11% SD) under high emissions by 2100, with an average 5% decline for every 1 °C of warming. Projected biomass declines were primarily driven by increasing temperature and decreasing primary production, and were more pronounced at higher trophic levels, a process known as trophic amplification. Fishing did not substantially alter the effects of climate change. Considerable regional variation featured strong biomass increases at high latitudes and decreases at middle to low latitudes, with good model agreement on the direction of change but variable magnitude. Uncertainties due to variations in marine ecosystem and Earth system models were similar. Ensemble projections performed well compared with empirical data, emphasizing the benefits of multimodel inference to project future outcomes. Our results indicate that global ocean animal biomass consistently declines with climate change, and that these impacts are amplified at higher trophic levels. Next steps for model development include dynamic scenarios of fishing, cumulative human impacts, and the effects of management measures on future ocean biomass trends.

A huge amount of palm waste generated daily represents a problematic high-moisture waste to be disposed of, yet it also represents a promising biomass resource to be transformed into a value-added product. A single-mode microwave hydrothermal carbonization process incorporating steam purging was developed and utilised to convert high-moisture palm waste into hydrochar over a range of process temperatures from 150 to 300 °C. The microwave hydrothermal carbonization recorded a shorter process duration (10 min) and prevented the occurrence of hot spots within the reactor. The resulting hydrochar showed up to 94.3 wt% of mass yield, 69.2 wt% of fixed carbon, and 412.3 m2/g of surface area. The subsequent application of the hydrochar in de-chlorination of domestic water demonstrated an impressive removal performance of up to 98.9% of free chlorine, exhibiting 435 min of breakthrough time, and 40.0 mg/g of bed capacity in continuous column operation. The results show great promise of microwave hydrothermal carbonization as a desirable approach to produce desirable hydrochar for de-chlorination application.

In this study we have to deal with the assessment of environment impacts of laying hen in the Alborz province, Iran. This assessment was carried out for one kg of egg during a period of 420 days for 1000 chickens. Then due to significant consumption of diet during period of question, three main products including corn, soybean and wheat which are consist of 80 percent of the combination of laying chicken diet, also collected the information about their production and it has been evaluated the indicators of their environment individually and eventually, the results has been considered as a title for inputs of poultry. Data for production of inputs were taken from EcoInvent 2.0 database, and SimaPro software was used for analysis. Ten classification impacts including Abiotic Depletion potential, Acidification potential, Eutrophication potential, Global Warming potential for time horizon 100 years, Ozone Depletion potential, Human Toxicity potential, Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Eco-toxicity potential, Terrestrial Eco-toxicity potential, and Photochemical Oxidation potential were selected based on the CML 2 baseline 2000 V2/world, 1990/characterization method. Due to the results, for each kilograms of egg, 30/09 MJ and also the value of greenhouse gas emissions is 4/07 Kg CO2 eq was calculated. According to the obtained results, the production of diet has made the most negative charge of environment among the inputs.

AbstractGiven the prohibited operating zones, losses, and valve point effects in power systems, energy optimization analysis in such systems includes numerous non-convex and non-smooth parameters, such as economic dispatch problems. In addition, in this paper, to include all possible scenarios in economic dispatch problems, multi-fuel generators, and transmission losses are considered. However, these features make economic dispatch problems more complex from a non-convexity standpoint. In order to solve economic dispatch problems as an important consideration in power systems, this paper presents a modified robust, and effective optimization algorithm. Here, some modifications are carried out to tackle such a sophisticated problem and find the best solution, considering multiple fuels, valve point effect, large-scale systems, prohibited operating zones, and transmission losses. Moreover, a few complicated power systems including 6, 13, and 40 generators which are fed by one type of fuel, 10 generators with multiple fuels, and two large-scale cases comprised of 80 and 120 generators are analyzed by the proposed optimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method, in terms of accuracy, robustness, and convergence speed is evaluated, as well. Furthermore, this paper explores the integration of cloud storage and internet of things (IoT) to augment the adaptability of monitoring capabilities of the proposed method in handling non-convex energy resource management and allocation problems across various generator quantities and constraints. The results show the capability of the proposed algorithm for solving non-convex energy resource management and allocation problems irrespective of the number of generators and constraints. Based on the obtained results, the proposed method provides good results for both small and large systems. The proposed method, for example, always yields the best results for the system of 6 power plants with and without losses, which are $15,276.894 and $15,443.7967. Moreover, the improvements made in the proposed method have allowed the economic dispatch problem regarding multi-fuel power plants to be solved not only with optimal results ($623.83) but also in less than 35 iterations. Lastly, the difference between the best-obtained results ($121,412) and the worst-obtained results ($121,316.1992) for the system of 40 power plants is only about $4 which is quite acceptable.

Abstract Water scarcity is the most significant challenge facing semi-arid and arid areas because fresh water is often transferred from other areas to these regions, and then discharged as wastewater. Irrigating agricultural lands and green spaces with treated wastewater (TWW) can be thus regarded as a way to reduce pressure on fresh water resources and lead to the utilization of ecosystem services, such as regulating and cultural ones. The most important factor affecting the expansion and sustainability of these areas is people's participation. Therefore, this study reflected on the weight of locals' willingness and attitudes as one of the most effective factors in the development of irrigation with TWW in peri-urban areas and ecological buffer zones. The main indicators were accordingly extracted from previous research and examined through a survey questionnaire, and then analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) in the AMOS and LISREL software packages. The indicators were related to individuals' health in product consumption (health), people's activities in farmlands and green spaces (assurance), and users' distance from farmlands (accessibility). The study results revealed that accessibility was the most important factor, and then health and assurance were effective in people's participation in agricultural activities in farmlands irrigated with TWW in peri-urban areas and increasing green-space buffer zones.