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The purpose of the present work was accessing the influence of benz[a]pyrene added into substrate on composition of polyarenes in plant and on growth and development of common barley (Hordeum vulgare) in in vitro conditions. We found that contamination of substrate with benz[a]pyrene (BP) decreased seed germination of Hordeum vulgare L. Larger BP doses produced the trend for a linear decrease in height and biomass of the aboveground part of Hordeum vulgare. The change of root biomass is not linear. Using the method of highly-efficient liquid chromatography, we identified 14 structures of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Significant amounts of light polyarenes were found in the control plants. Concentration of polyarenes in the plants grown on polluted substrate varied depending on benz[a]pyrene doses. The pollutant in doses of 10–20 ng/g increased content of polyarenes in the plants. The dose of 30 ng/g started the mechanisms of polyarene decomposition and so concentration decreased. Higher doses disturbed the protection mechanisms of plants and so increased content of polyarenes in plants and decreased biomass. Light polyarenes preferably accumulated in aboveground plant part whereby heavy polyarenes – in roots.

В последние десятилетия экологическая проблема приняла глобальный характер и требует консолидации мирового сообщества. Возникающие экологические угрозы становятся все более опасными для человечества, поэтому требуются усилия всех государств для предотвращения негативных последствий изменения окружающей среды. В данной статье рассматривается деятельность международных акторов в сфере обеспечения экологической безопасности. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ правовых основ и национальных особенностей политики экологической безопасности Дании, США и России, рассмотрены примеры использования возобновляемых источников энергии, направленных на минимизацию экологических рисков, выявлены проблемы и определены перспективы реализации экологической политики в условиях перехода к «зеленой энергетике». In recent decades, the environmental problem has become global in nature and requires the consolidation of the world community. Emerging environmental threats are becoming more and more dangerous for humanity, therefore efforts of all states are required to prevent the negative consequences of environmental change. This article examines the activities of international actors in the field of ensuring environmental safety. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the legal framework and national characteristics of environmental safety policies in Denmark, the USA and Russia, examined examples of the use of renewable energy sources aimed at minimizing environmental risks, identified problems and identified prospects for the implementation of environmental policy in the context of the transition to “green energy”.

Bangladesh is a progressing country with huge population. Almost 75 percentage of the population lives in rural areas and only about 30 percentage of the rural households have access to grid electricity and about 42 percentage of the population no access to the electricity. It is highly difficult to extend high tension transmission lines to these areas as some of the places are separated from the mainland and from each other by wide rivers, creeks and hills. Renewable energy is considered to be the right choice for providing clean energy to these remotesettlements. Off-Grid energy systems are growing in popularity as an independent source of energy to satisfy electricity needs of individual households, small communities and commercial applications. Mainly in Bangladesh where the main grid is either not developed or the grid is noncommercial to extend due to remoteness of the location. A successfully installed Off-Grid energy system for several years to provide a reliable 24-h electricity supply to the inhabitant of an island. The objective of this paper is to analyze and design an off-grid energy system for Bangladesh consisting of PV panels, charge controller, battery and inverter to serve a remote locality. A mini solar grid of 21KWh capacity has been designed.

Relevance. The power provided by generating stations based on wind and solar energy depends on the state of the environment at a particular geographical point, the prevailing wind speeds and the level of solar insolation. The wind speeds and solar insolation characterizing patterns are probabilistic in nature and depend on the terrain and season. This means that the power provided by generating stations based on renewable energy sources is also probabilistic. Risks associated with an inaccurate knowledge of the probabilistic patterns describing renewable energy sources, as well as the unpredictability (uncertainty) of the natural environment affecting renewable energy sources, are the reasons why system operators do not take into account such stations in calculating the power balance. This situation does not allow considering the generating stations as full-fledged market participants, covering the flow of investments in such projects. Accurate determination of the output power distribution laws for solar and wind power stations, based on the wind speed and solar insolation data analysis can significantly help system operators in power predicting of the power stations. Aim of study is building models of distribution laws that best describe the results of wind speed and solar insolation observations, as well as models of distribution laws for the generated power of wind and solar stations. Methods: methods for estimating the parameters of distribution laws, methods for testing statistical hypotheses. Results. It is shown, that the 3rd kind of beta distribution laws and their mixtures describe the series of measured wind speed and solar insolation better in the territory. The same concerning the probability distribution of the wind and solar stations power. Distribution law models for wind speed, solar insolation and power of the corresponding stations are constructed. It is shown that on the basis of the law of the distribution of wind speed and the mathematical relationships that connect power with wind speed, good models can be constructed for the probability distributions of power of wind power stations. The models can be used as an auxiliary tool for power system operators to predict output power.

This paper examines the current condition and development prospects of the fuel and energy industry of the Kaliningrad region specified in regional programmes. The authors compare the potentials of different renewable energy sources and provide information on the exploitation of different renewable energy objects in the region. The article presents a preliminary assessment of the thermal capacity necessary for the residential area of an ecovillage with a population of 50,000 and suggests ensuring heat supply with the help of heat pumps. Рассмотрено современное состояние и перспективы развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Калининградской области, предусмотренные региональными программами. Проведено сравнение потенциалов различных возобновляемых энергетических ресурсов, собраны сведения об опыте эксплуатации объектов возобновляемой энергетики на данной территории. Осуществлены первичные оценки необходимых тепловых мощностей для жилого фонда экопоселка численностью 50 тыс. человек и предложен вариант его теплообеспечения от тепловых насосов.

The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

Данная работа посвящена разработке концепции энергоснабжения индивидуального дома с нулевым потреблением энергии, учитывающей климатические показатели района строительства. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Систематизация и анализ существующих исследований в области объектов энергоэффективного жилищного строительства. 2. Оценка возобновляемых источников энергии, таких как солнечная, ветровая, воздушная и геотермальная энергетика. 3. Разработка процедуры подбора эффективной системы энергоснабжения пассивного дома. 4. Проверка алгоритма подбора эффективной системы энергоснабжения пассивного дома в России. 5. Определение экономических показателей системы энергоснабжения индивидуального дома с нулевым потреблением энергии для каждого из трех выбранных регионов. Проанализировав существующие концепции энергоэффективных домов и использование возобновляемых источников энергии на территории России, было решено, что необходимо предложить такую концепцию энергоснабжения пассивного дома, которая включает в себя совместную работу геотермального насоса и солнечных панелей. На основании оценки эффективности солнечной и геотермальной энергетики был разработан алгоритм побора эффективной системы энергоснабжения дома с нулевым потреблением энергии. Далее была произведена проверка алгоритма побора эффективной системы энергоснабжения пассивного дома для трех выбранных регионов, расположенных в России. С помощью сайта Photovoltaic geographical information system были выбраны три города, где наиболее оптимально устанавливать солнечные панели: Владивосток, Иркутск и Петропавловск-Камчатский. Для частных домов c площадью отапливаемых помещений 90 м2, расположенных во Владивостоке, Иркутске и Петропавловске-Камчатском была подобрана геотермальная и солнечная установка, а также рассчитана стоимость данного оборудования и его сроки окупаемости. Кроме того, было определено экономически оптимальное количество солнечных панелей для трех рассматриваемых городов. This work is devoted to the development of the concept of energy supply for an individual house with zero energy consumption, taking into account the climatic indicators of the construction area. The research set the following goals: 1. Systematization and analysis of existing research in the field of energy efficient housing construction. 2. Assessment of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, air and geothermal energy. 3. Development of a procedure for selecting an efficient power supply system for a passive house. 4. Checking the algorithm for selecting an efficient power supply system for a passive house in Russia. 5. Determination of economic indicators of the energy supply system of an individual house with zero energy consumption for each of the three selected regions. After analyzing the existing concepts of energy efficient houses and the use of renewable energy sources in Russia, it was decided to propose such a concept for the energy supply of a passive house, which includes the combined work of a geothermal pump and solar panels. Based on the evaluation of the efficiency of solar and geothermal energy, an algorithm for selecting an efficient energy supply system for a house with zero energy consumption was developed. Next, the algorithm for selecting an efficient power supply system for a passive house was tested for three selected regions located in Russia. With the Photovoltaic geographical information system website, three cities were selected where it is most optimal to install solar panels: Vladivostok, Irkutsk and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. For private houses with a heated area of 90 m2, located in Vladivostok, Irkutsk and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, a geothermal and solar installation was selected, and the cost of this equipment and its payback period were calculated. In addition, the economically optimal number of solar panels for the three cities under consideration was determined.

The uneven production and consumption of oil in the world economy continues to grow, with demand and supply for products increasingly shifting to developing countries. The Asia-Pacific region and the countries of Southeast Asia, in the medium term, will become a key center in world oil refining, which is associated with high rates of economic growth, population growth and the fleet of vehicles in the countries of the region. Under the influence of the main trends in the development of the world oil market, as well as due to the policies of developed countries aimed at the application of environmental and energy-efficient technologies, the structure of production of oil products in the world is gradually changing. So, in this regard, the demand for light and medium distillates and LNG is growing in the Asia-Pacific countries, and the demand for heavy is falling. According to experts, gas demand will grow faster than oil. The key drivers of this growth are environmental friendliness and low cost in comparison to other fossil fuels. In Asia and the Middle East, gas generation will replace coal and oil, respectively. Gas consumption will grow, another driver of the growth of generating gas capacities is the fears of many countries about the safety and reliability of the nuclear power industry. In addition to the electric power industry, due to population growth, gas consumption in the housing sector and industry will increase. The Middle East, the only major producer of low-cost oil, will remain the center of global oil production in the long run. Неравномерность производства и потребления нефти в мировой экономике продолжает нарастать, спрос и предложение на продукцию всё более смещается в развивающиеся страны. Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион и страны Юго-Восточной Азии, в среднесрочной перспективе, станут ключевым центром в мировой нефтепереработке, что связано с высокими темпами роста экономики, прироста населения и парка транспортных средств в странах региона. Под влиянием основных тенденций развития мирового рынка нефти, а также вследствие политики развитых стран, направленных на применение экологических и энергоэффективных технологий, структура производства потребления продукции нефтепереработки в мире постепенно изменяется. Так, в связи с этим в странах АТР растёт спрос на легкие и средние дистилляты и СПГ, а спрос на тяжелые падает. По оценкам экспертов спрос на газ будет расти быстрее, чем на нефть. Ключевыми факторами этого роста стали экологичность и низкая стоимость относительно других ископаемых видов топлива. В Азии и на Ближнем Востоке газовая генерация будет заменять угольную и нефтяную соответственно. Потребление газа будет расти, еще один драйвер роста генерирующих газовых мощностей - опасения многих стран по поводу безопасности и надежности атомной электроэнергетики. Помимо электроэнергетики, в связи с ростом населения будут расти объемы потребления газа в секторе ЖКХ и промышленности. Ближний Восток, единственный крупный производитель недорогой нефти, в долгосрочной перспективе останется центром мировой нефтедобычи ВОПРОСЫ СТРУКТУРИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ, Выпуск 4 (79) 2020, Pages 102-106

Развитие китайской экономики за последние 20 лет обусловлено ростом промышленности «Поднебесной», что сразу повлекло за собой рост потребности Китая в энергетических ресурсах. В 2003 г. по объемам потребляемой энергии Китайская Народная Республика вышла на второе место в мире, заняв позицию между США и Японией [1]. Собственных топливных ресурсов КНР уже недостаточно для запросов его развивающейся промышленности; поэтому с 1993 г. Китай начал импортировать нефть. Основными источниками оставался уголь и собственные ограниченные ресурсы углеводород, которые не способны покрыть местный спрос. В 2014 г. объем импорта нефти в КНР составил примерно 310 млн. тонн, а к 2030 г. удельный вес импортируемой нефти увеличится с нынешних на 80% [2]. Китайский импорт сырой нефти после США, занимает второе место в мире. Зависимость Китая от иностранной нефти достигла 59% в 2013 году, в то время как зависимость США не превышает 46,3%. Таким образом, в 2014 году импорт и экспорт ситуации из-за неочищенной нефти в Китае, особенно во второй половине обуславливает падение цен на нефть. Поэтому развитие торговых связей с КНР в топливно-энергетическом аспекте является ключевой ролью развития как самого Китая, так стран экспортеров. Количество последних, в условиях современных геополитических реалиях, будет очень сильно колебаться. Over the past 20 years, China’s economic growth is associated with the expansion of the industrial sector with the resultant increase in energy demand. In 2003, the Peoples Republic of China ranked second in terms of energy consumption behind the United States and ahead of Japan [1]. Domestic fuel supplies are no longer sufficient to satisfy the rising demand of the industrial sector; hence, in 1993, China began to import crude petroleum. Major energy sources are coal and scarce domestic hydrocarbon resources, which cannot meet the local demand. In 2014, China imported about 310 million tons of oil. By 2030, crude oil imports will rise by 80% [2]. China is now the second-largest importer of crude oil in the world after the United States. China's oil import dependence has reached 59% in 2013 while US import dependence does not exceed 46.3%. Therefore, the development of energy relations with China will contribute significantly to the economic growth of China and oil exporting countries. Contemporary geopolitical environment will lead to substantial fluctuations in the number of oil exporting countries.

The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.