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Due to the single-phase loads and their stochastic behavior, the current in the distribution feeders is not balanced. In addition, the single-phase loads are located in different positions along the LV feeders. So the amount of the unbalanced load and its location affect the feeder losses. An unbalanced load causes the feeder losses and the voltage drop. Because of time-varying behavior of the single-phase loads, phase balancing is a dynamic and combinatorial problem. In this research, a heuristic and dynamic solution for the phase balancing of the LV feeders is proposed. In this method, it is supposed that the loads’ tie could be connected to all phases through a three-phase switch. The aim of the proposed method is to make the feeder conditions as balanced as possible. The amount and the location of single-phase loads are considered in the proposed phase balancing method. Since the proposed method needs no communication interface or no remote controller, it is inexpensive, simple, practical, and robust. Applying this method provides a distributed and dynamic phase balancing control. In addition, the feasibility of reducing the used switches is investigated. The ability of the proposed method in the phase balancing of the LV feeders is approved by carrying out some simulations.

Due to the single-phase loads and their stochastic behavior, the current in the distribution feeders is not balanced. In addition, the single-phase loads are located in different positions along the LV feeders. So the amount of the unbalanced load and its location affect the feeder losses. An unbalanced load causes the feeder losses and the voltage drop. Because of time-varying behavior of the single-phase loads, phase balancing is a dynamic and combinatorial problem. In this research, a heuristic and dynamic solution for the phase balancing of the LV feeders is proposed. In this method, it is supposed that the loads’ tie could be connected to all phases through a three-phase switch. The aim of the proposed method is to make the feeder conditions as balanced as possible. The amount and the location of single-phase loads are considered in the proposed phase balancing method. Since the proposed method needs no communication interface or no remote controller, it is inexpensive, simple, practical, and robust. Applying this method provides a distributed and dynamic phase balancing control. In addition, the feasibility of reducing the used switches is investigated. The ability of the proposed method in the phase balancing of the LV feeders is approved by carrying out some simulations.

The sudden increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to the high dependency on fossil products has created the need for an urgent solution to mitigate this challenge. Global warming, which is a direct result of excessive CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, is one major issue that the world is trying to curb, especially in the 21st Century where most energy generation mediums operate using fossil products. This investigation considered a number of materials ideal for the capturing of CO2 in the post-combustion process. The application of aqueous ammonia, amine solutions, ionic liquids, and activated carbons is thoroughly discussed. Notable challenges are impeding their advancement, which are clearly expatiated in the report. Some merits and demerits of these technologies are also presented. Future research directions for each of these technologies are also analyzed and explained in detail. Furthermore, the impact of post-combustion CO2 capture on the circular economy is also presented.

The sudden increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to the high dependency on fossil products has created the need for an urgent solution to mitigate this challenge. Global warming, which is a direct result of excessive CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, is one major issue that the world is trying to curb, especially in the 21st Century where most energy generation mediums operate using fossil products. This investigation considered a number of materials ideal for the capturing of CO2 in the post-combustion process. The application of aqueous ammonia, amine solutions, ionic liquids, and activated carbons is thoroughly discussed. Notable challenges are impeding their advancement, which are clearly expatiated in the report. Some merits and demerits of these technologies are also presented. Future research directions for each of these technologies are also analyzed and explained in detail. Furthermore, the impact of post-combustion CO2 capture on the circular economy is also presented.

Continuous advancements in Information and Communication Technology and the emergence of the Big Data era have altered how traditional power systems function. Such developments have led to increased reliability and efficiency, in turn contributing to operational, economic, and environmental improvements and leading to the development of a new technique known as Demand Side Management or DSM. In essence, DSM is a management activity that encourages users to optimize their electricity consumption by controlling the operation of their electrical appliances to reduce utility bills and their use during peak times. While users may save money on electricity costs by rescheduling their power consumption, they may also experience inconvenience due to the inflexibility of getting power on demand. Hence, several challenges must be considered to achieve a successful DSM. In this work, we analyze the power scheduling techniques in Smart Houses as proposed in most cited papers. We then examine the advantages and drawbacks of such methods and compare their contributions based on operational, economic, and environmental aspects.

Continuous advancements in Information and Communication Technology and the emergence of the Big Data era have altered how traditional power systems function. Such developments have led to increased reliability and efficiency, in turn contributing to operational, economic, and environmental improvements and leading to the development of a new technique known as Demand Side Management or DSM. In essence, DSM is a management activity that encourages users to optimize their electricity consumption by controlling the operation of their electrical appliances to reduce utility bills and their use during peak times. While users may save money on electricity costs by rescheduling their power consumption, they may also experience inconvenience due to the inflexibility of getting power on demand. Hence, several challenges must be considered to achieve a successful DSM. In this work, we analyze the power scheduling techniques in Smart Houses as proposed in most cited papers. We then examine the advantages and drawbacks of such methods and compare their contributions based on operational, economic, and environmental aspects.

Abstract One of the most significant current topics in the energy market is the decentralized operation of the power system wherein the entire discipline is constructed based on the consensus concept. In such a framework, an agreement among all effective participants in the market should be brought without the presence of an independent arbitrator. This paper proposes a secured energy market architecture based on peer-to-peer (P2P) idea to provide an appropriate platform based on the decentralized network and key aspects of energy market, including network architecture, interface communication, and network security. It is apparent that communication interfaces connecting the market participants is a fundamental property for achieving this purpose and that must be secured against the malicious attacks. In this regard, reaching the secured consensus is guaranteed by providing a new blockchain platform coincided by P2P energy market. The energy market is conducted by an effective Relaxed Consensus-Innovation (RCI) based algorithm with the aim of bringing the power/price exchanged among connecting participants in the form of P2P structure. In the proposed model, a microgrid and a smart grid are considered as the market participants, who tend to negotiate with each other in a way that follow their own benefits in the secured environment. The microgrid includes the wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), tidal turbine and storage unit to satisfy its demand and the smart grid is composed of distributed generations (DGs) and lines in the form of the IEEE 24-bus test system. In order to handle the uncertainty effects in the problem, a stochastic framework based on unscented transform (UT) is proposed in the P2P energy market. In order to assess and verify the fault-tolerant system ability against the cyber-attack, the fault data injection attack (FDIA) is modeled and applied to the P2P energy market in a blockchain platform. The simulation results approve the appropriate performance and applicable nature of the proposed concepts in this paper.

Abstract One of the most significant current topics in the energy market is the decentralized operation of the power system wherein the entire discipline is constructed based on the consensus concept. In such a framework, an agreement among all effective participants in the market should be brought without the presence of an independent arbitrator. This paper proposes a secured energy market architecture based on peer-to-peer (P2P) idea to provide an appropriate platform based on the decentralized network and key aspects of energy market, including network architecture, interface communication, and network security. It is apparent that communication interfaces connecting the market participants is a fundamental property for achieving this purpose and that must be secured against the malicious attacks. In this regard, reaching the secured consensus is guaranteed by providing a new blockchain platform coincided by P2P energy market. The energy market is conducted by an effective Relaxed Consensus-Innovation (RCI) based algorithm with the aim of bringing the power/price exchanged among connecting participants in the form of P2P structure. In the proposed model, a microgrid and a smart grid are considered as the market participants, who tend to negotiate with each other in a way that follow their own benefits in the secured environment. The microgrid includes the wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), tidal turbine and storage unit to satisfy its demand and the smart grid is composed of distributed generations (DGs) and lines in the form of the IEEE 24-bus test system. In order to handle the uncertainty effects in the problem, a stochastic framework based on unscented transform (UT) is proposed in the P2P energy market. In order to assess and verify the fault-tolerant system ability against the cyber-attack, the fault data injection attack (FDIA) is modeled and applied to the P2P energy market in a blockchain platform. The simulation results approve the appropriate performance and applicable nature of the proposed concepts in this paper.