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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: James M. Njeru; Fred Kanampiu; Dan Makumbi; Leonard Rusinamhodzi; +1 Authors

    La combinaison de différents systèmes de culture et de travail du sol avec différents génotypes au cours de plusieurs saisons de culture peut révéler des opportunités d'intensification durable (IS). L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la performance de six génotypes de maïs en culture intercalaire avec labour de conservation (sans labour) - deux options prometteuses pour le SI. L'expérience a été menée sur trois ans (ou six saisons de culture) à la station de recherche de Kiboko, au Kenya, avec la culture de la sole et le labour des plaques de moulage comme systèmes de production de base. Les résultats ont montré que les génotypes et les systèmes de culture du maïs avaient un effet significatif sur le rendement, mais que l'effet du travail du sol n'était pas significatif. De plus, il n'y avait pas d'effets interactifs significatifs des facteurs testés sur le rendement du maïs. Le génotype de maïs CKH10085 avait le rendement le plus élevé de 7,7 t ha-1 en culture en solitaire, mais il a également enregistré la plus grande pénalité de rendement en raison de la culture intercalaire de 1,1 t ha-1. D'autre part, le génotype CKH10717 a maintenu le même rendement moyen de 7,1 t ha-1 dans les systèmes de travail du sol conventionnels et de conservation. Les génotypes commerciaux CKH10080 et CKH08051 étaient plus stables que les autres génotypes expérimentaux dans les conditions variables de croissance et de gestion. Ces deux génotypes sont de maturité intermédiaire et de tolérance à la sécheresse, deux attributs essentiels à l'amélioration de la production de maïs. Les cultures intercalaires ont réduit les rendements de maïs en raison de la concurrence accrue, par exemple, le rendement global de la culture de la sole était de 7,1 t ha-1 par rapport à 6,4 t ha-1 en cultures intercalaires ; ce qui représente une pénalité de rendement global de 0,7 t ha-1. Les différences de performance des génotypes de maïs ont révélé des possibilités de déploiement de génotypes pour réduire les risques ou maximiser le rendement, en fonction des circonstances biophysiques et de l'objectif de production de l'agriculteur. La combinación de diferentes sistemas de cultivo y labranza con diferentes genotipos a lo largo de varias temporadas de cultivo puede revelar oportunidades para la intensificación sostenible (IS). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de seis genotipos de maíz en cultivos intercalados con labranza conservadora (sin labranza), dos opciones prometedoras para SI. El experimento se llevó a cabo durante tres años (o seis temporadas de cultivo) en la Estación de Investigación de Kiboko, Kenia, con el cultivo de lenguado y el arado de vertederos como sistemas de producción de referencia. Los resultados mostraron que los genotipos de maíz y los sistemas de cultivo tuvieron un efecto significativo en el rendimiento, pero el efecto de la labranza no fue significativo. Además, no hubo efectos interactivos significativos de los factores probados en el rendimiento del maíz. El genotipo de maíz CKH10085 tuvo el mayor rendimiento de 7,7 t ha-1 en el cultivo de lenguado, pero también registró la mayor penalización de rendimiento debido al cultivo intercalado de 1,1 t ha-1. Por otro lado, el genotipo CKH10717 mantuvo el mismo rendimiento medio de 7,1 t ha-1 tanto en sistemas de labranza convencional como conservadora. Los genotipos comerciales CKH10080 y CKH08051 fueron más estables que los otros genotipos experimentales en las condiciones variables de crecimiento y manejo. Estos dos genotipos son de madurez intermedia y tolerancia a la sequía, dos atributos críticos para mejorar la producción de maíz. Los cultivos intercalados redujeron los rendimientos de maíz debido a una mayor competencia, por ejemplo, el rendimiento general del cultivo de lenguado fue de 7,1 t ha-1 en comparación con 6,4 t ha-1 en cultivos intercalados; lo que representa una penalización de rendimiento general de 0,7 t ha-1. Las diferencias en el rendimiento de los genotipos de maíz revelaron oportunidades para desplegar genotipos para reducir el riesgo o maximizar el rendimiento, dependiendo de las circunstancias biofísicas y el objetivo de producción del agricultor. Combining different cropping and tillage systems with different genotypes across several cropping seasons can reveal opportunities for sustainable intensification (SI). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of six maize genotypes under intercropping with conservation tillage (no-till) - two promising options for SI. The experiment was carried out over three years (or six cropping seasons) at Kiboko Research Station, Kenya with sole cropping and mouldboard ploughing as baseline production systems. Results showed that maize genotypes and cropping systems had a significant effect on yield, but the effect of tillage was not significant. Moreover, there was no significant interactive effects of the tested factors on maize yield. The maize genotype CKH10085 had the highest yield of 7.7 t ha-1 under sole cropping yet it also recorded the largest yield penalty due to intercropping of 1.1 t ha-1. On the other hand, genotype CKH10717 maintained the same average yield of 7.1 t ha-1 in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. The commercial genotype genotype CKH10080 and CKH08051 were more stable than the other experimental genotypes under the variable growing and management conditions. These two genotypes are of intermediate maturity and drought tolerance, two critical attributes to improved maize production. Intercropping reduced maize yields due to increased competition, for example the overall yield of sole cropping was 7.1 t ha-1 compared with 6.4 t ha-1 under intercropping; representing an overall yield penalty of 0.7 t ha-1. The differences in performance of maize genotypes revealed opportunities to deploy genotypes to reduce risk or maximize yield, depending on the biophysical circumstances and the production objective of the farmer. يمكن أن يكشف الجمع بين أنظمة المحاصيل والحراثة المختلفة والأنماط الجينية المختلفة عبر العديد من مواسم المحاصيل عن فرص للتكثيف المستدام (SI). كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم أداء ستة أنماط جينية للذرة تحت الزراعة البينية مع حراثة الحفظ (بدون حراثة) - وهما خياران واعدان لـ SI. تم إجراء التجربة على مدى ثلاث سنوات (أو ستة مواسم زراعة) في محطة أبحاث كيبوكو، كينيا باستخدام الزراعة الوحيدة وحرث ألواح القوالب كنظم إنتاج أساسية. أظهرت النتائج أن الأنماط الجينية للذرة وأنظمة المحاصيل كان لها تأثير كبير على المحصول، لكن تأثير الحراثة لم يكن كبيرًا. علاوة على ذلك، لم تكن هناك آثار تفاعلية كبيرة للعوامل التي تم اختبارها على محصول الذرة. كان للنمط الجيني للذرة CKH10085 أعلى إنتاجية تبلغ 7.7 طن هكتار -1 تحت المحصول الوحيد، ومع ذلك فقد سجل أيضًا أكبر عقوبة على المحصول بسبب المحصول البيني البالغ 1.1 طن هكتار -1. من ناحية أخرى، حافظ النمط الجيني CKH10717 على نفس متوسط العائد البالغ 7.1 طن هكتار -1 في كل من أنظمة الحراثة التقليدية وأنظمة الحفظ. كان النمط الجيني التجاري CKH10080 و CKH08051 أكثر استقرارًا من الأنماط الجينية التجريبية الأخرى في ظل ظروف النمو والإدارة المتغيرة. هذان النمطان الوراثيان لهما نضج متوسط وتحمل للجفاف، وهما سمتان حاسمتان لتحسين إنتاج الذرة. قللت الزراعة البينية من غلة الذرة بسبب زيادة المنافسة، على سبيل المثال، كان العائد الإجمالي للمحصول الوحيد 7.1 طن هكتار -1 مقارنة بـ 6.4 طن هكتار -1 تحت الزراعة البينية ؛ مما يمثل عقوبة إنتاجية إجمالية قدرها 0.7 طن هكتار -1. كشفت الاختلافات في أداء الأنماط الجينية للذرة عن فرص لنشر الأنماط الجينية لتقليل المخاطر أو زيادة الغلة، اعتمادًا على الظروف الفيزيائية الحيوية وهدف الإنتاج للمزارع.

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    Field Crops Research
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      PubMed Central
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: James M. Njeru; Fred Kanampiu; Dan Makumbi; Leonard Rusinamhodzi; +1 Authors

    La combinaison de différents systèmes de culture et de travail du sol avec différents génotypes au cours de plusieurs saisons de culture peut révéler des opportunités d'intensification durable (IS). L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la performance de six génotypes de maïs en culture intercalaire avec labour de conservation (sans labour) - deux options prometteuses pour le SI. L'expérience a été menée sur trois ans (ou six saisons de culture) à la station de recherche de Kiboko, au Kenya, avec la culture de la sole et le labour des plaques de moulage comme systèmes de production de base. Les résultats ont montré que les génotypes et les systèmes de culture du maïs avaient un effet significatif sur le rendement, mais que l'effet du travail du sol n'était pas significatif. De plus, il n'y avait pas d'effets interactifs significatifs des facteurs testés sur le rendement du maïs. Le génotype de maïs CKH10085 avait le rendement le plus élevé de 7,7 t ha-1 en culture en solitaire, mais il a également enregistré la plus grande pénalité de rendement en raison de la culture intercalaire de 1,1 t ha-1. D'autre part, le génotype CKH10717 a maintenu le même rendement moyen de 7,1 t ha-1 dans les systèmes de travail du sol conventionnels et de conservation. Les génotypes commerciaux CKH10080 et CKH08051 étaient plus stables que les autres génotypes expérimentaux dans les conditions variables de croissance et de gestion. Ces deux génotypes sont de maturité intermédiaire et de tolérance à la sécheresse, deux attributs essentiels à l'amélioration de la production de maïs. Les cultures intercalaires ont réduit les rendements de maïs en raison de la concurrence accrue, par exemple, le rendement global de la culture de la sole était de 7,1 t ha-1 par rapport à 6,4 t ha-1 en cultures intercalaires ; ce qui représente une pénalité de rendement global de 0,7 t ha-1. Les différences de performance des génotypes de maïs ont révélé des possibilités de déploiement de génotypes pour réduire les risques ou maximiser le rendement, en fonction des circonstances biophysiques et de l'objectif de production de l'agriculteur. La combinación de diferentes sistemas de cultivo y labranza con diferentes genotipos a lo largo de varias temporadas de cultivo puede revelar oportunidades para la intensificación sostenible (IS). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de seis genotipos de maíz en cultivos intercalados con labranza conservadora (sin labranza), dos opciones prometedoras para SI. El experimento se llevó a cabo durante tres años (o seis temporadas de cultivo) en la Estación de Investigación de Kiboko, Kenia, con el cultivo de lenguado y el arado de vertederos como sistemas de producción de referencia. Los resultados mostraron que los genotipos de maíz y los sistemas de cultivo tuvieron un efecto significativo en el rendimiento, pero el efecto de la labranza no fue significativo. Además, no hubo efectos interactivos significativos de los factores probados en el rendimiento del maíz. El genotipo de maíz CKH10085 tuvo el mayor rendimiento de 7,7 t ha-1 en el cultivo de lenguado, pero también registró la mayor penalización de rendimiento debido al cultivo intercalado de 1,1 t ha-1. Por otro lado, el genotipo CKH10717 mantuvo el mismo rendimiento medio de 7,1 t ha-1 tanto en sistemas de labranza convencional como conservadora. Los genotipos comerciales CKH10080 y CKH08051 fueron más estables que los otros genotipos experimentales en las condiciones variables de crecimiento y manejo. Estos dos genotipos son de madurez intermedia y tolerancia a la sequía, dos atributos críticos para mejorar la producción de maíz. Los cultivos intercalados redujeron los rendimientos de maíz debido a una mayor competencia, por ejemplo, el rendimiento general del cultivo de lenguado fue de 7,1 t ha-1 en comparación con 6,4 t ha-1 en cultivos intercalados; lo que representa una penalización de rendimiento general de 0,7 t ha-1. Las diferencias en el rendimiento de los genotipos de maíz revelaron oportunidades para desplegar genotipos para reducir el riesgo o maximizar el rendimiento, dependiendo de las circunstancias biofísicas y el objetivo de producción del agricultor. Combining different cropping and tillage systems with different genotypes across several cropping seasons can reveal opportunities for sustainable intensification (SI). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of six maize genotypes under intercropping with conservation tillage (no-till) - two promising options for SI. The experiment was carried out over three years (or six cropping seasons) at Kiboko Research Station, Kenya with sole cropping and mouldboard ploughing as baseline production systems. Results showed that maize genotypes and cropping systems had a significant effect on yield, but the effect of tillage was not significant. Moreover, there was no significant interactive effects of the tested factors on maize yield. The maize genotype CKH10085 had the highest yield of 7.7 t ha-1 under sole cropping yet it also recorded the largest yield penalty due to intercropping of 1.1 t ha-1. On the other hand, genotype CKH10717 maintained the same average yield of 7.1 t ha-1 in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. The commercial genotype genotype CKH10080 and CKH08051 were more stable than the other experimental genotypes under the variable growing and management conditions. These two genotypes are of intermediate maturity and drought tolerance, two critical attributes to improved maize production. Intercropping reduced maize yields due to increased competition, for example the overall yield of sole cropping was 7.1 t ha-1 compared with 6.4 t ha-1 under intercropping; representing an overall yield penalty of 0.7 t ha-1. The differences in performance of maize genotypes revealed opportunities to deploy genotypes to reduce risk or maximize yield, depending on the biophysical circumstances and the production objective of the farmer. يمكن أن يكشف الجمع بين أنظمة المحاصيل والحراثة المختلفة والأنماط الجينية المختلفة عبر العديد من مواسم المحاصيل عن فرص للتكثيف المستدام (SI). كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم أداء ستة أنماط جينية للذرة تحت الزراعة البينية مع حراثة الحفظ (بدون حراثة) - وهما خياران واعدان لـ SI. تم إجراء التجربة على مدى ثلاث سنوات (أو ستة مواسم زراعة) في محطة أبحاث كيبوكو، كينيا باستخدام الزراعة الوحيدة وحرث ألواح القوالب كنظم إنتاج أساسية. أظهرت النتائج أن الأنماط الجينية للذرة وأنظمة المحاصيل كان لها تأثير كبير على المحصول، لكن تأثير الحراثة لم يكن كبيرًا. علاوة على ذلك، لم تكن هناك آثار تفاعلية كبيرة للعوامل التي تم اختبارها على محصول الذرة. كان للنمط الجيني للذرة CKH10085 أعلى إنتاجية تبلغ 7.7 طن هكتار -1 تحت المحصول الوحيد، ومع ذلك فقد سجل أيضًا أكبر عقوبة على المحصول بسبب المحصول البيني البالغ 1.1 طن هكتار -1. من ناحية أخرى، حافظ النمط الجيني CKH10717 على نفس متوسط العائد البالغ 7.1 طن هكتار -1 في كل من أنظمة الحراثة التقليدية وأنظمة الحفظ. كان النمط الجيني التجاري CKH10080 و CKH08051 أكثر استقرارًا من الأنماط الجينية التجريبية الأخرى في ظل ظروف النمو والإدارة المتغيرة. هذان النمطان الوراثيان لهما نضج متوسط وتحمل للجفاف، وهما سمتان حاسمتان لتحسين إنتاج الذرة. قللت الزراعة البينية من غلة الذرة بسبب زيادة المنافسة، على سبيل المثال، كان العائد الإجمالي للمحصول الوحيد 7.1 طن هكتار -1 مقارنة بـ 6.4 طن هكتار -1 تحت الزراعة البينية ؛ مما يمثل عقوبة إنتاجية إجمالية قدرها 0.7 طن هكتار -1. كشفت الاختلافات في أداء الأنماط الجينية للذرة عن فرص لنشر الأنماط الجينية لتقليل المخاطر أو زيادة الغلة، اعتمادًا على الظروف الفيزيائية الحيوية وهدف الإنتاج للمزارع.

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    Field Crops Research
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Field Crops Research
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      Field Crops Research
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    Authors: Mariam Kadzamira; Adewale Ogunmodede; Solomon Duah; D.L. Romney; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background The African continent is known for high entrepreneurial activity, especially in the agricultural sector. Despite this, the continent's economic development is below expectations, due to numerous factors constraining the growth and sustainability of agricultural SMEs. These constraints have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the pathways through which the pandemic affected agri-SMEs, with specific focus on assessing the differentiated effects arising from the size of the agri-SME and the gender of the owner-manager. Methods Data was collected from over 100 agri-SMEs, ranging in size from sole proprietorships with one employee to agri-SMEs employing up to 100 people, in six African countries. Mixed methods were used to analyse the data with changes in business operations arising from changing market access, regimented health and safety guidelines and constrained labour supply assessed using visualisations and descriptive statistics. Logistic regression modelling was employed to determine the set of variables contributing to agri-SME business downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results All surveyed agri-SMEs were negatively affected by COVID-19-associated restrictions with the size of the firm and gender of the owner-managers resulting in differentiated impacts. The smallest agri-SMEs, mainly owner-managed by women, were more likely to experience disruptions in marketing their goods and maintaining their labour supply. Larger agri-SMEs made changes to their business operations to comply with government guidelines during the pandemic and made investments to manage their labour supply, thus sustaining their business operations. In addition, logistic regression modelling results show that financing prior to the pandemic, engaging in primary agricultural production, and being further from urban centres significantly influenced the likelihood of a firm incurring business losses. Conclusions These findings necessitate engendered multi-faceted agri-SME support packages that are tailored for smaller-sized agri-SMEs. Any such support package should include support for agri-SMEs to develop sustainable marketing strategies and help them secure flexible financing that considers payment deferrals and debt moratorium during bona fide market shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/e2...
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/6d...
    Other literature type . 2023
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    Authors: Mariam Kadzamira; Adewale Ogunmodede; Solomon Duah; D.L. Romney; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background The African continent is known for high entrepreneurial activity, especially in the agricultural sector. Despite this, the continent's economic development is below expectations, due to numerous factors constraining the growth and sustainability of agricultural SMEs. These constraints have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the pathways through which the pandemic affected agri-SMEs, with specific focus on assessing the differentiated effects arising from the size of the agri-SME and the gender of the owner-manager. Methods Data was collected from over 100 agri-SMEs, ranging in size from sole proprietorships with one employee to agri-SMEs employing up to 100 people, in six African countries. Mixed methods were used to analyse the data with changes in business operations arising from changing market access, regimented health and safety guidelines and constrained labour supply assessed using visualisations and descriptive statistics. Logistic regression modelling was employed to determine the set of variables contributing to agri-SME business downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results All surveyed agri-SMEs were negatively affected by COVID-19-associated restrictions with the size of the firm and gender of the owner-managers resulting in differentiated impacts. The smallest agri-SMEs, mainly owner-managed by women, were more likely to experience disruptions in marketing their goods and maintaining their labour supply. Larger agri-SMEs made changes to their business operations to comply with government guidelines during the pandemic and made investments to manage their labour supply, thus sustaining their business operations. In addition, logistic regression modelling results show that financing prior to the pandemic, engaging in primary agricultural production, and being further from urban centres significantly influenced the likelihood of a firm incurring business losses. Conclusions These findings necessitate engendered multi-faceted agri-SME support packages that are tailored for smaller-sized agri-SMEs. Any such support package should include support for agri-SMEs to develop sustainable marketing strategies and help them secure flexible financing that considers payment deferrals and debt moratorium during bona fide market shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/e2...
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    Authors: Luke T. B. Hunter; Luke T. B. Hunter; Guy A. Balme; Guy A. Balme; +6 Authors

    In a number of African countries, the trophy hunting of large felids is an important revenue generator for landholders, governments and in some cases communities. The hunting of large felids is especially profitable but they are sensitive to harvest, as the killing of prime-aged, dominant males can lead to infanticide and lowered reproductive success. In an attempt to limit the negative impacts of trophy hunting on large felids, the scientific community has proposed a number of interventions, including age restrictions on the animals that may be hunted. Such interventions are theoretically complementary to trophy hunting, as hunters typically seek large trophies, and older animals are normally larger than younger ones in large felids. If trophy size results in an increase in trophy price, then interventions that improve average trophy size could confer elevated earnings. This is particularly true if such interventions increased the number of failed hunts such that the same tag can be sold more than once. However, if trophy size is not one of the most important factors determining the desirability of a hunt (which we judge by the price paid for a trophy hunt package), it may be more difficult to implement such schemes. It is therefore important to evaluate potential determinants of trophy hunt package price; and we examine that here for leopards (Panthera pardus) in Africa, at both the country and outfitter level. We show that Tanzania and Botswana have the most expensive package prices while South Africa has the cheapest packages. At the country level, we found no statistical relationships between package price and leopard trophy size (either through advertised website or Safari Club International (SCI) leopard trophy size), country GDP, relative hunt success, or quota size. Contrastingly, the number of charismatic species offered within a package and an index of outfitter reputation (as measured by total SCI trophy records) were positively associated with package price. Interestingly, SCI leopard trophy size was inversely correlated with package price. Our results suggest that hunters do not value leopard trophy size above other factors, which could hinder the implementation of more sustainable, age-based leopard hunting regulations.

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    African Journal of Wildlife Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      African Journal of Wildlife Research
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Luke T. B. Hunter; Luke T. B. Hunter; Guy A. Balme; Guy A. Balme; +6 Authors

    In a number of African countries, the trophy hunting of large felids is an important revenue generator for landholders, governments and in some cases communities. The hunting of large felids is especially profitable but they are sensitive to harvest, as the killing of prime-aged, dominant males can lead to infanticide and lowered reproductive success. In an attempt to limit the negative impacts of trophy hunting on large felids, the scientific community has proposed a number of interventions, including age restrictions on the animals that may be hunted. Such interventions are theoretically complementary to trophy hunting, as hunters typically seek large trophies, and older animals are normally larger than younger ones in large felids. If trophy size results in an increase in trophy price, then interventions that improve average trophy size could confer elevated earnings. This is particularly true if such interventions increased the number of failed hunts such that the same tag can be sold more than once. However, if trophy size is not one of the most important factors determining the desirability of a hunt (which we judge by the price paid for a trophy hunt package), it may be more difficult to implement such schemes. It is therefore important to evaluate potential determinants of trophy hunt package price; and we examine that here for leopards (Panthera pardus) in Africa, at both the country and outfitter level. We show that Tanzania and Botswana have the most expensive package prices while South Africa has the cheapest packages. At the country level, we found no statistical relationships between package price and leopard trophy size (either through advertised website or Safari Club International (SCI) leopard trophy size), country GDP, relative hunt success, or quota size. Contrastingly, the number of charismatic species offered within a package and an index of outfitter reputation (as measured by total SCI trophy records) were positively associated with package price. Interestingly, SCI leopard trophy size was inversely correlated with package price. Our results suggest that hunters do not value leopard trophy size above other factors, which could hinder the implementation of more sustainable, age-based leopard hunting regulations.

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    African Journal of Wildlife Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      African Journal of Wildlife Research
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    Authors: Val Snow; Lutz Merbold; Lutz Merbold; Robert M. Rees; +13 Authors

    AbstractProcess‐based models are useful for assessing the impact of changing management practices and climate on yields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural systems such as grasslands. They can be used to construct national GHG inventories using a Tier 3 approach. However, accurate simulations of nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes remain challenging. Models are limited by our understanding of soil‐plant‐microbe interactions and the impact of uncertainty in measured input parameters on simulated outputs. To improve model performance, thorough evaluations against in situ measurements are needed. Experimental data of N2O emissions under two management practices (control with typical fertilization versus increased clover and no fertilization) were acquired in a Swiss field experiment. We conducted a multimodel evaluation with three commonly used biogeochemical models (DayCent in two variants, PaSim, APSIM in two variants) comparing four years of data. DayCent was the most accurate model for simulating N2O fluxes on annual timescales, while APSIM was most accurate for daily N2O fluxes. The multimodel ensemble average reduced the error in estimated annual fluxes by 41% compared to an estimate using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐derived method for the Swiss agricultural GHG inventory (IPCC‐Swiss), but individual models were not systematically more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss. The model ensemble overestimated the N2O mitigation effect of the clover‐based treatment (measured: 39–45%; ensemble: 52–57%) but was more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss (IPCC‐Swiss: 72–81%). These results suggest that multimodel ensembles are valuable for estimating the impact of climate and management on N2O emissions.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS Cnrarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2020
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      Data sources: Datacite
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      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Val Snow; Lutz Merbold; Lutz Merbold; Robert M. Rees; +13 Authors

    AbstractProcess‐based models are useful for assessing the impact of changing management practices and climate on yields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural systems such as grasslands. They can be used to construct national GHG inventories using a Tier 3 approach. However, accurate simulations of nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes remain challenging. Models are limited by our understanding of soil‐plant‐microbe interactions and the impact of uncertainty in measured input parameters on simulated outputs. To improve model performance, thorough evaluations against in situ measurements are needed. Experimental data of N2O emissions under two management practices (control with typical fertilization versus increased clover and no fertilization) were acquired in a Swiss field experiment. We conducted a multimodel evaluation with three commonly used biogeochemical models (DayCent in two variants, PaSim, APSIM in two variants) comparing four years of data. DayCent was the most accurate model for simulating N2O fluxes on annual timescales, while APSIM was most accurate for daily N2O fluxes. The multimodel ensemble average reduced the error in estimated annual fluxes by 41% compared to an estimate using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐derived method for the Swiss agricultural GHG inventory (IPCC‐Swiss), but individual models were not systematically more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss. The model ensemble overestimated the N2O mitigation effect of the clover‐based treatment (measured: 39–45%; ensemble: 52–57%) but was more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss (IPCC‐Swiss: 72–81%). These results suggest that multimodel ensembles are valuable for estimating the impact of climate and management on N2O emissions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS Cnrarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2020
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Khenien, A; Benattayallah, A; Tabor, G;

    In the food industry, heating and cooling are key processes where CFD can play an important role in improving quality, productivity and reducing energy costs. Cooling products after baking is crucial for storage and transportation; the product has to be cooled efficiently to a specified temperature (often to fulfill regulatory requirements) whilst preserving its quality. This study involves the analysis of spiral cooling refrigerators used in cooling food products, in this case, Cornish Pasties. Three separate sets of CFD models were developed and validated against experimental data taken in the laboratory and measurements taken in use in industry. In the first set of models a full CFD model was developed of a refrigeration spiral including the pasties, and used to study the heat transfer from the products to the air. Further simulations were carried out on individual pasties to explore the pasty cooling and heat transfer to the air in more detail, with the pasty geometry being determined from MRI scans. In the final set of simulations, Image Based Meshing (IBM) was used to determine the interior structure of the pasty and develop a full heat conduction model of the interior, which was compared with separate laboratory experiments using jets of cold air to cool the pasty. In all cases, good agreement was obtained between the CFD results and experimental data, whilst the CFD simulations provide valuable information about the air flows and cooling in the industrial system.

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    Authors: Khenien, A; Benattayallah, A; Tabor, G;

    In the food industry, heating and cooling are key processes where CFD can play an important role in improving quality, productivity and reducing energy costs. Cooling products after baking is crucial for storage and transportation; the product has to be cooled efficiently to a specified temperature (often to fulfill regulatory requirements) whilst preserving its quality. This study involves the analysis of spiral cooling refrigerators used in cooling food products, in this case, Cornish Pasties. Three separate sets of CFD models were developed and validated against experimental data taken in the laboratory and measurements taken in use in industry. In the first set of models a full CFD model was developed of a refrigeration spiral including the pasties, and used to study the heat transfer from the products to the air. Further simulations were carried out on individual pasties to explore the pasty cooling and heat transfer to the air in more detail, with the pasty geometry being determined from MRI scans. In the final set of simulations, Image Based Meshing (IBM) was used to determine the interior structure of the pasty and develop a full heat conduction model of the interior, which was compared with separate laboratory experiments using jets of cold air to cool the pasty. In all cases, good agreement was obtained between the CFD results and experimental data, whilst the CFD simulations provide valuable information about the air flows and cooling in the industrial system.

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    Authors: Ian McFarlane;

    Until about 1900, large proportions of the world population endured hunger and poverty. The 20th century saw world population increase from 1.6 to 6.1 billion, accompanied and to some extent made possible by rapid improvements in health standards and food supply, with associated advances in agricultural and nutrition sciences. In this paper, I use the application of linear programming (LP) in preparation of rations for farm animals to illustrate a method of calculating the lowest cost of a human diet selected from locally available food items, constrained to provide recommended levels of food energy and nutrients; then, to find a realistic minimum cost, I apply the further constraint that the main sources of food energy in the costed diet are weighted in proportion to the actual reported consumption of food items in that area. Worldwide variations in dietary preferences raise the issue as to the sustainability of popular dietary regimes, and the paper reviews the factors associated with satisfying requirements for adequate nutrition within those regimes. The ultimate physical constraints on food supply are described, together with the ways in which climate change may affect those constraints. During the 20th century, food supply increased sufficiently in most areas to keep pace with the rapid increase in world population. Many challenges will need to be overcome if food supply is to continue to meet demand, and those challenges are made more severe by rising expectations of quality of life in the developing world, as well as by the impacts of climate change on agriculture and aquaculture.

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    Foods
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    Authors: Ian McFarlane;

    Until about 1900, large proportions of the world population endured hunger and poverty. The 20th century saw world population increase from 1.6 to 6.1 billion, accompanied and to some extent made possible by rapid improvements in health standards and food supply, with associated advances in agricultural and nutrition sciences. In this paper, I use the application of linear programming (LP) in preparation of rations for farm animals to illustrate a method of calculating the lowest cost of a human diet selected from locally available food items, constrained to provide recommended levels of food energy and nutrients; then, to find a realistic minimum cost, I apply the further constraint that the main sources of food energy in the costed diet are weighted in proportion to the actual reported consumption of food items in that area. Worldwide variations in dietary preferences raise the issue as to the sustainability of popular dietary regimes, and the paper reviews the factors associated with satisfying requirements for adequate nutrition within those regimes. The ultimate physical constraints on food supply are described, together with the ways in which climate change may affect those constraints. During the 20th century, food supply increased sufficiently in most areas to keep pace with the rapid increase in world population. Many challenges will need to be overcome if food supply is to continue to meet demand, and those challenges are made more severe by rising expectations of quality of life in the developing world, as well as by the impacts of climate change on agriculture and aquaculture.

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    Foods
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    Authors: Anna L. Jacobsen; Mark Westoby; Jarmila Pittermann; Amy E. Zanne; +22 Authors

    Shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures associated with climate change are likely to cause widespread forest decline in regions where droughts are predicted to increase in duration and severity. One primary cause of productivity loss and plant mortality during drought is hydraulic failure. Drought stress creates trapped gas emboli in the water transport system, which reduces the ability of plants to supply water to leaves for photosynthetic gas exchange and can ultimately result in desiccation and mortality. At present we lack a clear picture of how thresholds to hydraulic failure vary across a broad range of species and environments, despite many individual experiments. Here we draw together published and unpublished data on the vulnerability of the transport system to drought-induced embolism for a large number of woody species, with a view to examining the likely consequences of climate change for forest biomes. We show that 70% of 226 forest species from 81 sites worldwide operate with narrow (<1 megapascal) hydraulic safety margins against injurious levels of drought stress and therefore potentially face long-term reductions in productivity and survival if temperature and aridity increase as predicted for many regions across the globe. Safety margins are largely independent of mean annual precipitation, showing that there is global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, with all forest biomes equally vulnerable to hydraulic failure regardless of their current rainfall environment. These findings provide insight into why drought-induced forest decline is occurring not only in arid regions but also in wet forests not normally considered at drought risk.

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    Authors: Anna L. Jacobsen; Mark Westoby; Jarmila Pittermann; Amy E. Zanne; +22 Authors

    Shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures associated with climate change are likely to cause widespread forest decline in regions where droughts are predicted to increase in duration and severity. One primary cause of productivity loss and plant mortality during drought is hydraulic failure. Drought stress creates trapped gas emboli in the water transport system, which reduces the ability of plants to supply water to leaves for photosynthetic gas exchange and can ultimately result in desiccation and mortality. At present we lack a clear picture of how thresholds to hydraulic failure vary across a broad range of species and environments, despite many individual experiments. Here we draw together published and unpublished data on the vulnerability of the transport system to drought-induced embolism for a large number of woody species, with a view to examining the likely consequences of climate change for forest biomes. We show that 70% of 226 forest species from 81 sites worldwide operate with narrow (<1 megapascal) hydraulic safety margins against injurious levels of drought stress and therefore potentially face long-term reductions in productivity and survival if temperature and aridity increase as predicted for many regions across the globe. Safety margins are largely independent of mean annual precipitation, showing that there is global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, with all forest biomes equally vulnerable to hydraulic failure regardless of their current rainfall environment. These findings provide insight into why drought-induced forest decline is occurring not only in arid regions but also in wet forests not normally considered at drought risk.

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    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jonathan P. Cornelius; Jonathan P. Cornelius; Me’ira Mizrahi; Tony Page; +3 Authors

    Abstract The impact of wood use by isolated Forest Dependent Communities (FDC) on forest conservation is not well understood. We present a study of wood use in the YUS area (combined watersheds of Yopno, Uruwa and Som rivers) in northern Papua New Guinea, where 57 communities depend on forests for their subsistence. Using a survey methodology based on the Poverty and Environment Network (PEN) survey protocol, we assess the annual volume of wood used, primary sources for this wood and evaluate the capacity of natural forest to sustainably support current rates of wood-use as well as their per capita CO 2 emissions. The primary reason for wood extraction was for fuelwood (6.4 kg person −1 day −1 or ∼11.1 tonne household −1 year −1 ) and housing construction (0.6 m −3 household −1 year −1 ). Fuelwood was collected primarily from areas close to the village, in fallow (grassland) and agroforestry land types, while construction wood was being sourced primarily from secondary and primary forests. The volume of construction wood currently harvested across YUS was approximately 11% the annual increase in timber volumes in available and accessible natural forest. Under this wood use rate and projected population growth (2.5–4%) these communities can harvest construction wood at a sustainable rate for between 55 and 90 years. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that the CO 2 emissions from wood extraction, and in particular fuelwood, are high; approaching 1.15 tonnes CO 2 person −1 year −1 . Household surveys revealed that all smallholders had a strong interest in planting trees for production of wood for house construction, which could reduce pressures on forests and compensate for CO 2 emissions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
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    Forest Ecology and Management
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forest Ecology and Management
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    Authors: Jonathan P. Cornelius; Jonathan P. Cornelius; Me’ira Mizrahi; Tony Page; +3 Authors

    Abstract The impact of wood use by isolated Forest Dependent Communities (FDC) on forest conservation is not well understood. We present a study of wood use in the YUS area (combined watersheds of Yopno, Uruwa and Som rivers) in northern Papua New Guinea, where 57 communities depend on forests for their subsistence. Using a survey methodology based on the Poverty and Environment Network (PEN) survey protocol, we assess the annual volume of wood used, primary sources for this wood and evaluate the capacity of natural forest to sustainably support current rates of wood-use as well as their per capita CO 2 emissions. The primary reason for wood extraction was for fuelwood (6.4 kg person −1 day −1 or ∼11.1 tonne household −1 year −1 ) and housing construction (0.6 m −3 household −1 year −1 ). Fuelwood was collected primarily from areas close to the village, in fallow (grassland) and agroforestry land types, while construction wood was being sourced primarily from secondary and primary forests. The volume of construction wood currently harvested across YUS was approximately 11% the annual increase in timber volumes in available and accessible natural forest. Under this wood use rate and projected population growth (2.5–4%) these communities can harvest construction wood at a sustainable rate for between 55 and 90 years. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that the CO 2 emissions from wood extraction, and in particular fuelwood, are high; approaching 1.15 tonnes CO 2 person −1 year −1 . Household surveys revealed that all smallholders had a strong interest in planting trees for production of wood for house construction, which could reduce pressures on forests and compensate for CO 2 emissions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
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    Forest Ecology and Management
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forest Ecology and Management
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Ricardian (hedonic) analyses of the impact of climate change on farmland values typically assume additively separable effects of temperature and precipitation. Model estimation is implemented on data aggregated across counties or large regions. We investigate the potential bias induced by such approaches by using a large panel of farm-level data. Consistent with the literature on plant physiology, we observe significant non-linear interaction effects, with more abundant precipitation acting as a mitigating factor for increased heat stress. This interaction disappears when the same data is aggregated in the conventional manner, leading to predictions of climate change impacts which are significantly distorted.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    EconStor
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ricardian (hedonic) analyses of the impact of climate change on farmland values typically assume additively separable effects of temperature and precipitation. Model estimation is implemented on data aggregated across counties or large regions. We investigate the potential bias induced by such approaches by using a large panel of farm-level data. Consistent with the literature on plant physiology, we observe significant non-linear interaction effects, with more abundant precipitation acting as a mitigating factor for increased heat stress. This interaction disappears when the same data is aggregated in the conventional manner, leading to predictions of climate change impacts which are significantly distorted.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2013
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Adnan Shahid; Ali Sarkhosh; Naeem Khan; Rashad Mukhtar Balal; +6 Authors

    Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Adnan Shahid; Ali Sarkhosh; Naeem Khan; Rashad Mukhtar Balal; +6 Authors

    Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: James M. Njeru; Fred Kanampiu; Dan Makumbi; Leonard Rusinamhodzi; +1 Authors

    La combinaison de différents systèmes de culture et de travail du sol avec différents génotypes au cours de plusieurs saisons de culture peut révéler des opportunités d'intensification durable (IS). L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la performance de six génotypes de maïs en culture intercalaire avec labour de conservation (sans labour) - deux options prometteuses pour le SI. L'expérience a été menée sur trois ans (ou six saisons de culture) à la station de recherche de Kiboko, au Kenya, avec la culture de la sole et le labour des plaques de moulage comme systèmes de production de base. Les résultats ont montré que les génotypes et les systèmes de culture du maïs avaient un effet significatif sur le rendement, mais que l'effet du travail du sol n'était pas significatif. De plus, il n'y avait pas d'effets interactifs significatifs des facteurs testés sur le rendement du maïs. Le génotype de maïs CKH10085 avait le rendement le plus élevé de 7,7 t ha-1 en culture en solitaire, mais il a également enregistré la plus grande pénalité de rendement en raison de la culture intercalaire de 1,1 t ha-1. D'autre part, le génotype CKH10717 a maintenu le même rendement moyen de 7,1 t ha-1 dans les systèmes de travail du sol conventionnels et de conservation. Les génotypes commerciaux CKH10080 et CKH08051 étaient plus stables que les autres génotypes expérimentaux dans les conditions variables de croissance et de gestion. Ces deux génotypes sont de maturité intermédiaire et de tolérance à la sécheresse, deux attributs essentiels à l'amélioration de la production de maïs. Les cultures intercalaires ont réduit les rendements de maïs en raison de la concurrence accrue, par exemple, le rendement global de la culture de la sole était de 7,1 t ha-1 par rapport à 6,4 t ha-1 en cultures intercalaires ; ce qui représente une pénalité de rendement global de 0,7 t ha-1. Les différences de performance des génotypes de maïs ont révélé des possibilités de déploiement de génotypes pour réduire les risques ou maximiser le rendement, en fonction des circonstances biophysiques et de l'objectif de production de l'agriculteur. La combinación de diferentes sistemas de cultivo y labranza con diferentes genotipos a lo largo de varias temporadas de cultivo puede revelar oportunidades para la intensificación sostenible (IS). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de seis genotipos de maíz en cultivos intercalados con labranza conservadora (sin labranza), dos opciones prometedoras para SI. El experimento se llevó a cabo durante tres años (o seis temporadas de cultivo) en la Estación de Investigación de Kiboko, Kenia, con el cultivo de lenguado y el arado de vertederos como sistemas de producción de referencia. Los resultados mostraron que los genotipos de maíz y los sistemas de cultivo tuvieron un efecto significativo en el rendimiento, pero el efecto de la labranza no fue significativo. Además, no hubo efectos interactivos significativos de los factores probados en el rendimiento del maíz. El genotipo de maíz CKH10085 tuvo el mayor rendimiento de 7,7 t ha-1 en el cultivo de lenguado, pero también registró la mayor penalización de rendimiento debido al cultivo intercalado de 1,1 t ha-1. Por otro lado, el genotipo CKH10717 mantuvo el mismo rendimiento medio de 7,1 t ha-1 tanto en sistemas de labranza convencional como conservadora. Los genotipos comerciales CKH10080 y CKH08051 fueron más estables que los otros genotipos experimentales en las condiciones variables de crecimiento y manejo. Estos dos genotipos son de madurez intermedia y tolerancia a la sequía, dos atributos críticos para mejorar la producción de maíz. Los cultivos intercalados redujeron los rendimientos de maíz debido a una mayor competencia, por ejemplo, el rendimiento general del cultivo de lenguado fue de 7,1 t ha-1 en comparación con 6,4 t ha-1 en cultivos intercalados; lo que representa una penalización de rendimiento general de 0,7 t ha-1. Las diferencias en el rendimiento de los genotipos de maíz revelaron oportunidades para desplegar genotipos para reducir el riesgo o maximizar el rendimiento, dependiendo de las circunstancias biofísicas y el objetivo de producción del agricultor. Combining different cropping and tillage systems with different genotypes across several cropping seasons can reveal opportunities for sustainable intensification (SI). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of six maize genotypes under intercropping with conservation tillage (no-till) - two promising options for SI. The experiment was carried out over three years (or six cropping seasons) at Kiboko Research Station, Kenya with sole cropping and mouldboard ploughing as baseline production systems. Results showed that maize genotypes and cropping systems had a significant effect on yield, but the effect of tillage was not significant. Moreover, there was no significant interactive effects of the tested factors on maize yield. The maize genotype CKH10085 had the highest yield of 7.7 t ha-1 under sole cropping yet it also recorded the largest yield penalty due to intercropping of 1.1 t ha-1. On the other hand, genotype CKH10717 maintained the same average yield of 7.1 t ha-1 in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. The commercial genotype genotype CKH10080 and CKH08051 were more stable than the other experimental genotypes under the variable growing and management conditions. These two genotypes are of intermediate maturity and drought tolerance, two critical attributes to improved maize production. Intercropping reduced maize yields due to increased competition, for example the overall yield of sole cropping was 7.1 t ha-1 compared with 6.4 t ha-1 under intercropping; representing an overall yield penalty of 0.7 t ha-1. The differences in performance of maize genotypes revealed opportunities to deploy genotypes to reduce risk or maximize yield, depending on the biophysical circumstances and the production objective of the farmer. يمكن أن يكشف الجمع بين أنظمة المحاصيل والحراثة المختلفة والأنماط الجينية المختلفة عبر العديد من مواسم المحاصيل عن فرص للتكثيف المستدام (SI). كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم أداء ستة أنماط جينية للذرة تحت الزراعة البينية مع حراثة الحفظ (بدون حراثة) - وهما خياران واعدان لـ SI. تم إجراء التجربة على مدى ثلاث سنوات (أو ستة مواسم زراعة) في محطة أبحاث كيبوكو، كينيا باستخدام الزراعة الوحيدة وحرث ألواح القوالب كنظم إنتاج أساسية. أظهرت النتائج أن الأنماط الجينية للذرة وأنظمة المحاصيل كان لها تأثير كبير على المحصول، لكن تأثير الحراثة لم يكن كبيرًا. علاوة على ذلك، لم تكن هناك آثار تفاعلية كبيرة للعوامل التي تم اختبارها على محصول الذرة. كان للنمط الجيني للذرة CKH10085 أعلى إنتاجية تبلغ 7.7 طن هكتار -1 تحت المحصول الوحيد، ومع ذلك فقد سجل أيضًا أكبر عقوبة على المحصول بسبب المحصول البيني البالغ 1.1 طن هكتار -1. من ناحية أخرى، حافظ النمط الجيني CKH10717 على نفس متوسط العائد البالغ 7.1 طن هكتار -1 في كل من أنظمة الحراثة التقليدية وأنظمة الحفظ. كان النمط الجيني التجاري CKH10080 و CKH08051 أكثر استقرارًا من الأنماط الجينية التجريبية الأخرى في ظل ظروف النمو والإدارة المتغيرة. هذان النمطان الوراثيان لهما نضج متوسط وتحمل للجفاف، وهما سمتان حاسمتان لتحسين إنتاج الذرة. قللت الزراعة البينية من غلة الذرة بسبب زيادة المنافسة، على سبيل المثال، كان العائد الإجمالي للمحصول الوحيد 7.1 طن هكتار -1 مقارنة بـ 6.4 طن هكتار -1 تحت الزراعة البينية ؛ مما يمثل عقوبة إنتاجية إجمالية قدرها 0.7 طن هكتار -1. كشفت الاختلافات في أداء الأنماط الجينية للذرة عن فرص لنشر الأنماط الجينية لتقليل المخاطر أو زيادة الغلة، اعتمادًا على الظروف الفيزيائية الحيوية وهدف الإنتاج للمزارع.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: James M. Njeru; Fred Kanampiu; Dan Makumbi; Leonard Rusinamhodzi; +1 Authors

    La combinaison de différents systèmes de culture et de travail du sol avec différents génotypes au cours de plusieurs saisons de culture peut révéler des opportunités d'intensification durable (IS). L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la performance de six génotypes de maïs en culture intercalaire avec labour de conservation (sans labour) - deux options prometteuses pour le SI. L'expérience a été menée sur trois ans (ou six saisons de culture) à la station de recherche de Kiboko, au Kenya, avec la culture de la sole et le labour des plaques de moulage comme systèmes de production de base. Les résultats ont montré que les génotypes et les systèmes de culture du maïs avaient un effet significatif sur le rendement, mais que l'effet du travail du sol n'était pas significatif. De plus, il n'y avait pas d'effets interactifs significatifs des facteurs testés sur le rendement du maïs. Le génotype de maïs CKH10085 avait le rendement le plus élevé de 7,7 t ha-1 en culture en solitaire, mais il a également enregistré la plus grande pénalité de rendement en raison de la culture intercalaire de 1,1 t ha-1. D'autre part, le génotype CKH10717 a maintenu le même rendement moyen de 7,1 t ha-1 dans les systèmes de travail du sol conventionnels et de conservation. Les génotypes commerciaux CKH10080 et CKH08051 étaient plus stables que les autres génotypes expérimentaux dans les conditions variables de croissance et de gestion. Ces deux génotypes sont de maturité intermédiaire et de tolérance à la sécheresse, deux attributs essentiels à l'amélioration de la production de maïs. Les cultures intercalaires ont réduit les rendements de maïs en raison de la concurrence accrue, par exemple, le rendement global de la culture de la sole était de 7,1 t ha-1 par rapport à 6,4 t ha-1 en cultures intercalaires ; ce qui représente une pénalité de rendement global de 0,7 t ha-1. Les différences de performance des génotypes de maïs ont révélé des possibilités de déploiement de génotypes pour réduire les risques ou maximiser le rendement, en fonction des circonstances biophysiques et de l'objectif de production de l'agriculteur. La combinación de diferentes sistemas de cultivo y labranza con diferentes genotipos a lo largo de varias temporadas de cultivo puede revelar oportunidades para la intensificación sostenible (IS). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de seis genotipos de maíz en cultivos intercalados con labranza conservadora (sin labranza), dos opciones prometedoras para SI. El experimento se llevó a cabo durante tres años (o seis temporadas de cultivo) en la Estación de Investigación de Kiboko, Kenia, con el cultivo de lenguado y el arado de vertederos como sistemas de producción de referencia. Los resultados mostraron que los genotipos de maíz y los sistemas de cultivo tuvieron un efecto significativo en el rendimiento, pero el efecto de la labranza no fue significativo. Además, no hubo efectos interactivos significativos de los factores probados en el rendimiento del maíz. El genotipo de maíz CKH10085 tuvo el mayor rendimiento de 7,7 t ha-1 en el cultivo de lenguado, pero también registró la mayor penalización de rendimiento debido al cultivo intercalado de 1,1 t ha-1. Por otro lado, el genotipo CKH10717 mantuvo el mismo rendimiento medio de 7,1 t ha-1 tanto en sistemas de labranza convencional como conservadora. Los genotipos comerciales CKH10080 y CKH08051 fueron más estables que los otros genotipos experimentales en las condiciones variables de crecimiento y manejo. Estos dos genotipos son de madurez intermedia y tolerancia a la sequía, dos atributos críticos para mejorar la producción de maíz. Los cultivos intercalados redujeron los rendimientos de maíz debido a una mayor competencia, por ejemplo, el rendimiento general del cultivo de lenguado fue de 7,1 t ha-1 en comparación con 6,4 t ha-1 en cultivos intercalados; lo que representa una penalización de rendimiento general de 0,7 t ha-1. Las diferencias en el rendimiento de los genotipos de maíz revelaron oportunidades para desplegar genotipos para reducir el riesgo o maximizar el rendimiento, dependiendo de las circunstancias biofísicas y el objetivo de producción del agricultor. Combining different cropping and tillage systems with different genotypes across several cropping seasons can reveal opportunities for sustainable intensification (SI). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of six maize genotypes under intercropping with conservation tillage (no-till) - two promising options for SI. The experiment was carried out over three years (or six cropping seasons) at Kiboko Research Station, Kenya with sole cropping and mouldboard ploughing as baseline production systems. Results showed that maize genotypes and cropping systems had a significant effect on yield, but the effect of tillage was not significant. Moreover, there was no significant interactive effects of the tested factors on maize yield. The maize genotype CKH10085 had the highest yield of 7.7 t ha-1 under sole cropping yet it also recorded the largest yield penalty due to intercropping of 1.1 t ha-1. On the other hand, genotype CKH10717 maintained the same average yield of 7.1 t ha-1 in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. The commercial genotype genotype CKH10080 and CKH08051 were more stable than the other experimental genotypes under the variable growing and management conditions. These two genotypes are of intermediate maturity and drought tolerance, two critical attributes to improved maize production. Intercropping reduced maize yields due to increased competition, for example the overall yield of sole cropping was 7.1 t ha-1 compared with 6.4 t ha-1 under intercropping; representing an overall yield penalty of 0.7 t ha-1. The differences in performance of maize genotypes revealed opportunities to deploy genotypes to reduce risk or maximize yield, depending on the biophysical circumstances and the production objective of the farmer. يمكن أن يكشف الجمع بين أنظمة المحاصيل والحراثة المختلفة والأنماط الجينية المختلفة عبر العديد من مواسم المحاصيل عن فرص للتكثيف المستدام (SI). كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم أداء ستة أنماط جينية للذرة تحت الزراعة البينية مع حراثة الحفظ (بدون حراثة) - وهما خياران واعدان لـ SI. تم إجراء التجربة على مدى ثلاث سنوات (أو ستة مواسم زراعة) في محطة أبحاث كيبوكو، كينيا باستخدام الزراعة الوحيدة وحرث ألواح القوالب كنظم إنتاج أساسية. أظهرت النتائج أن الأنماط الجينية للذرة وأنظمة المحاصيل كان لها تأثير كبير على المحصول، لكن تأثير الحراثة لم يكن كبيرًا. علاوة على ذلك، لم تكن هناك آثار تفاعلية كبيرة للعوامل التي تم اختبارها على محصول الذرة. كان للنمط الجيني للذرة CKH10085 أعلى إنتاجية تبلغ 7.7 طن هكتار -1 تحت المحصول الوحيد، ومع ذلك فقد سجل أيضًا أكبر عقوبة على المحصول بسبب المحصول البيني البالغ 1.1 طن هكتار -1. من ناحية أخرى، حافظ النمط الجيني CKH10717 على نفس متوسط العائد البالغ 7.1 طن هكتار -1 في كل من أنظمة الحراثة التقليدية وأنظمة الحفظ. كان النمط الجيني التجاري CKH10080 و CKH08051 أكثر استقرارًا من الأنماط الجينية التجريبية الأخرى في ظل ظروف النمو والإدارة المتغيرة. هذان النمطان الوراثيان لهما نضج متوسط وتحمل للجفاف، وهما سمتان حاسمتان لتحسين إنتاج الذرة. قللت الزراعة البينية من غلة الذرة بسبب زيادة المنافسة، على سبيل المثال، كان العائد الإجمالي للمحصول الوحيد 7.1 طن هكتار -1 مقارنة بـ 6.4 طن هكتار -1 تحت الزراعة البينية ؛ مما يمثل عقوبة إنتاجية إجمالية قدرها 0.7 طن هكتار -1. كشفت الاختلافات في أداء الأنماط الجينية للذرة عن فرص لنشر الأنماط الجينية لتقليل المخاطر أو زيادة الغلة، اعتمادًا على الظروف الفيزيائية الحيوية وهدف الإنتاج للمزارع.

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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/6x...
      Other literature type . 2020
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/9d...
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    Authors: Mariam Kadzamira; Adewale Ogunmodede; Solomon Duah; D.L. Romney; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background The African continent is known for high entrepreneurial activity, especially in the agricultural sector. Despite this, the continent's economic development is below expectations, due to numerous factors constraining the growth and sustainability of agricultural SMEs. These constraints have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the pathways through which the pandemic affected agri-SMEs, with specific focus on assessing the differentiated effects arising from the size of the agri-SME and the gender of the owner-manager. Methods Data was collected from over 100 agri-SMEs, ranging in size from sole proprietorships with one employee to agri-SMEs employing up to 100 people, in six African countries. Mixed methods were used to analyse the data with changes in business operations arising from changing market access, regimented health and safety guidelines and constrained labour supply assessed using visualisations and descriptive statistics. Logistic regression modelling was employed to determine the set of variables contributing to agri-SME business downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results All surveyed agri-SMEs were negatively affected by COVID-19-associated restrictions with the size of the firm and gender of the owner-managers resulting in differentiated impacts. The smallest agri-SMEs, mainly owner-managed by women, were more likely to experience disruptions in marketing their goods and maintaining their labour supply. Larger agri-SMEs made changes to their business operations to comply with government guidelines during the pandemic and made investments to manage their labour supply, thus sustaining their business operations. In addition, logistic regression modelling results show that financing prior to the pandemic, engaging in primary agricultural production, and being further from urban centres significantly influenced the likelihood of a firm incurring business losses. Conclusions These findings necessitate engendered multi-faceted agri-SME support packages that are tailored for smaller-sized agri-SMEs. Any such support package should include support for agri-SMEs to develop sustainable marketing strategies and help them secure flexible financing that considers payment deferrals and debt moratorium during bona fide market shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/e2...
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/6d...
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    Authors: Mariam Kadzamira; Adewale Ogunmodede; Solomon Duah; D.L. Romney; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background The African continent is known for high entrepreneurial activity, especially in the agricultural sector. Despite this, the continent's economic development is below expectations, due to numerous factors constraining the growth and sustainability of agricultural SMEs. These constraints have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the pathways through which the pandemic affected agri-SMEs, with specific focus on assessing the differentiated effects arising from the size of the agri-SME and the gender of the owner-manager. Methods Data was collected from over 100 agri-SMEs, ranging in size from sole proprietorships with one employee to agri-SMEs employing up to 100 people, in six African countries. Mixed methods were used to analyse the data with changes in business operations arising from changing market access, regimented health and safety guidelines and constrained labour supply assessed using visualisations and descriptive statistics. Logistic regression modelling was employed to determine the set of variables contributing to agri-SME business downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results All surveyed agri-SMEs were negatively affected by COVID-19-associated restrictions with the size of the firm and gender of the owner-managers resulting in differentiated impacts. The smallest agri-SMEs, mainly owner-managed by women, were more likely to experience disruptions in marketing their goods and maintaining their labour supply. Larger agri-SMEs made changes to their business operations to comply with government guidelines during the pandemic and made investments to manage their labour supply, thus sustaining their business operations. In addition, logistic regression modelling results show that financing prior to the pandemic, engaging in primary agricultural production, and being further from urban centres significantly influenced the likelihood of a firm incurring business losses. Conclusions These findings necessitate engendered multi-faceted agri-SME support packages that are tailored for smaller-sized agri-SMEs. Any such support package should include support for agri-SMEs to develop sustainable marketing strategies and help them secure flexible financing that considers payment deferrals and debt moratorium during bona fide market shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/e2...
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/6d...
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    Authors: Luke T. B. Hunter; Luke T. B. Hunter; Guy A. Balme; Guy A. Balme; +6 Authors

    In a number of African countries, the trophy hunting of large felids is an important revenue generator for landholders, governments and in some cases communities. The hunting of large felids is especially profitable but they are sensitive to harvest, as the killing of prime-aged, dominant males can lead to infanticide and lowered reproductive success. In an attempt to limit the negative impacts of trophy hunting on large felids, the scientific community has proposed a number of interventions, including age restrictions on the animals that may be hunted. Such interventions are theoretically complementary to trophy hunting, as hunters typically seek large trophies, and older animals are normally larger than younger ones in large felids. If trophy size results in an increase in trophy price, then interventions that improve average trophy size could confer elevated earnings. This is particularly true if such interventions increased the number of failed hunts such that the same tag can be sold more than once. However, if trophy size is not one of the most important factors determining the desirability of a hunt (which we judge by the price paid for a trophy hunt package), it may be more difficult to implement such schemes. It is therefore important to evaluate potential determinants of trophy hunt package price; and we examine that here for leopards (Panthera pardus) in Africa, at both the country and outfitter level. We show that Tanzania and Botswana have the most expensive package prices while South Africa has the cheapest packages. At the country level, we found no statistical relationships between package price and leopard trophy size (either through advertised website or Safari Club International (SCI) leopard trophy size), country GDP, relative hunt success, or quota size. Contrastingly, the number of charismatic species offered within a package and an index of outfitter reputation (as measured by total SCI trophy records) were positively associated with package price. Interestingly, SCI leopard trophy size was inversely correlated with package price. Our results suggest that hunters do not value leopard trophy size above other factors, which could hinder the implementation of more sustainable, age-based leopard hunting regulations.

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    African Journal of Wildlife Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      African Journal of Wildlife Research
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Luke T. B. Hunter; Luke T. B. Hunter; Guy A. Balme; Guy A. Balme; +6 Authors

    In a number of African countries, the trophy hunting of large felids is an important revenue generator for landholders, governments and in some cases communities. The hunting of large felids is especially profitable but they are sensitive to harvest, as the killing of prime-aged, dominant males can lead to infanticide and lowered reproductive success. In an attempt to limit the negative impacts of trophy hunting on large felids, the scientific community has proposed a number of interventions, including age restrictions on the animals that may be hunted. Such interventions are theoretically complementary to trophy hunting, as hunters typically seek large trophies, and older animals are normally larger than younger ones in large felids. If trophy size results in an increase in trophy price, then interventions that improve average trophy size could confer elevated earnings. This is particularly true if such interventions increased the number of failed hunts such that the same tag can be sold more than once. However, if trophy size is not one of the most important factors determining the desirability of a hunt (which we judge by the price paid for a trophy hunt package), it may be more difficult to implement such schemes. It is therefore important to evaluate potential determinants of trophy hunt package price; and we examine that here for leopards (Panthera pardus) in Africa, at both the country and outfitter level. We show that Tanzania and Botswana have the most expensive package prices while South Africa has the cheapest packages. At the country level, we found no statistical relationships between package price and leopard trophy size (either through advertised website or Safari Club International (SCI) leopard trophy size), country GDP, relative hunt success, or quota size. Contrastingly, the number of charismatic species offered within a package and an index of outfitter reputation (as measured by total SCI trophy records) were positively associated with package price. Interestingly, SCI leopard trophy size was inversely correlated with package price. Our results suggest that hunters do not value leopard trophy size above other factors, which could hinder the implementation of more sustainable, age-based leopard hunting regulations.

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    African Journal of Wildlife Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      African Journal of Wildlife Research
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    Authors: Val Snow; Lutz Merbold; Lutz Merbold; Robert M. Rees; +13 Authors

    AbstractProcess‐based models are useful for assessing the impact of changing management practices and climate on yields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural systems such as grasslands. They can be used to construct national GHG inventories using a Tier 3 approach. However, accurate simulations of nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes remain challenging. Models are limited by our understanding of soil‐plant‐microbe interactions and the impact of uncertainty in measured input parameters on simulated outputs. To improve model performance, thorough evaluations against in situ measurements are needed. Experimental data of N2O emissions under two management practices (control with typical fertilization versus increased clover and no fertilization) were acquired in a Swiss field experiment. We conducted a multimodel evaluation with three commonly used biogeochemical models (DayCent in two variants, PaSim, APSIM in two variants) comparing four years of data. DayCent was the most accurate model for simulating N2O fluxes on annual timescales, while APSIM was most accurate for daily N2O fluxes. The multimodel ensemble average reduced the error in estimated annual fluxes by 41% compared to an estimate using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐derived method for the Swiss agricultural GHG inventory (IPCC‐Swiss), but individual models were not systematically more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss. The model ensemble overestimated the N2O mitigation effect of the clover‐based treatment (measured: 39–45%; ensemble: 52–57%) but was more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss (IPCC‐Swiss: 72–81%). These results suggest that multimodel ensembles are valuable for estimating the impact of climate and management on N2O emissions.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2020
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
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    Article . 2020
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      Research Collection
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Val Snow; Lutz Merbold; Lutz Merbold; Robert M. Rees; +13 Authors

    AbstractProcess‐based models are useful for assessing the impact of changing management practices and climate on yields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural systems such as grasslands. They can be used to construct national GHG inventories using a Tier 3 approach. However, accurate simulations of nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes remain challenging. Models are limited by our understanding of soil‐plant‐microbe interactions and the impact of uncertainty in measured input parameters on simulated outputs. To improve model performance, thorough evaluations against in situ measurements are needed. Experimental data of N2O emissions under two management practices (control with typical fertilization versus increased clover and no fertilization) were acquired in a Swiss field experiment. We conducted a multimodel evaluation with three commonly used biogeochemical models (DayCent in two variants, PaSim, APSIM in two variants) comparing four years of data. DayCent was the most accurate model for simulating N2O fluxes on annual timescales, while APSIM was most accurate for daily N2O fluxes. The multimodel ensemble average reduced the error in estimated annual fluxes by 41% compared to an estimate using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐derived method for the Swiss agricultural GHG inventory (IPCC‐Swiss), but individual models were not systematically more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss. The model ensemble overestimated the N2O mitigation effect of the clover‐based treatment (measured: 39–45%; ensemble: 52–57%) but was more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss (IPCC‐Swiss: 72–81%). These results suggest that multimodel ensembles are valuable for estimating the impact of climate and management on N2O emissions.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2020
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Khenien, A; Benattayallah, A; Tabor, G;

    In the food industry, heating and cooling are key processes where CFD can play an important role in improving quality, productivity and reducing energy costs. Cooling products after baking is crucial for storage and transportation; the product has to be cooled efficiently to a specified temperature (often to fulfill regulatory requirements) whilst preserving its quality. This study involves the analysis of spiral cooling refrigerators used in cooling food products, in this case, Cornish Pasties. Three separate sets of CFD models were developed and validated against experimental data taken in the laboratory and measurements taken in use in industry. In the first set of models a full CFD model was developed of a refrigeration spiral including the pasties, and used to study the heat transfer from the products to the air. Further simulations were carried out on individual pasties to explore the pasty cooling and heat transfer to the air in more detail, with the pasty geometry being determined from MRI scans. In the final set of simulations, Image Based Meshing (IBM) was used to determine the interior structure of the pasty and develop a full heat conduction model of the interior, which was compared with separate laboratory experiments using jets of cold air to cool the pasty. In all cases, good agreement was obtained between the CFD results and experimental data, whilst the CFD simulations provide valuable information about the air flows and cooling in the industrial system.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Energies
    Article
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    Energies
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Khenien, A; Benattayallah, A; Tabor, G;

    In the food industry, heating and cooling are key processes where CFD can play an important role in improving quality, productivity and reducing energy costs. Cooling products after baking is crucial for storage and transportation; the product has to be cooled efficiently to a specified temperature (often to fulfill regulatory requirements) whilst preserving its quality. This study involves the analysis of spiral cooling refrigerators used in cooling food products, in this case, Cornish Pasties. Three separate sets of CFD models were developed and validated against experimental data taken in the laboratory and measurements taken in use in industry. In the first set of models a full CFD model was developed of a refrigeration spiral including the pasties, and used to study the heat transfer from the products to the air. Further simulations were carried out on individual pasties to explore the pasty cooling and heat transfer to the air in more detail, with the pasty geometry being determined from MRI scans. In the final set of simulations, Image Based Meshing (IBM) was used to determine the interior structure of the pasty and develop a full heat conduction model of the interior, which was compared with separate laboratory experiments using jets of cold air to cool the pasty. In all cases, good agreement was obtained between the CFD results and experimental data, whilst the CFD simulations provide valuable information about the air flows and cooling in the industrial system.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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    Energies
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    Authors: Ian McFarlane;

    Until about 1900, large proportions of the world population endured hunger and poverty. The 20th century saw world population increase from 1.6 to 6.1 billion, accompanied and to some extent made possible by rapid improvements in health standards and food supply, with associated advances in agricultural and nutrition sciences. In this paper, I use the application of linear programming (LP) in preparation of rations for farm animals to illustrate a method of calculating the lowest cost of a human diet selected from locally available food items, constrained to provide recommended levels of food energy and nutrients; then, to find a realistic minimum cost, I apply the further constraint that the main sources of food energy in the costed diet are weighted in proportion to the actual reported consumption of food items in that area. Worldwide variations in dietary preferences raise the issue as to the sustainability of popular dietary regimes, and the paper reviews the factors associated with satisfying requirements for adequate nutrition within those regimes. The ultimate physical constraints on food supply are described, together with the ways in which climate change may affect those constraints. During the 20th century, food supply increased sufficiently in most areas to keep pace with the rapid increase in world population. Many challenges will need to be overcome if food supply is to continue to meet demand, and those challenges are made more severe by rising expectations of quality of life in the developing world, as well as by the impacts of climate change on agriculture and aquaculture.

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    Foods
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ian McFarlane;

    Until about 1900, large proportions of the world population endured hunger and poverty. The 20th century saw world population increase from 1.6 to 6.1 billion, accompanied and to some extent made possible by rapid improvements in health standards and food supply, with associated advances in agricultural and nutrition sciences. In this paper, I use the application of linear programming (LP) in preparation of rations for farm animals to illustrate a method of calculating the lowest cost of a human diet selected from locally available food items, constrained to provide recommended levels of food energy and nutrients; then, to find a realistic minimum cost, I apply the further constraint that the main sources of food energy in the costed diet are weighted in proportion to the actual reported consumption of food items in that area. Worldwide variations in dietary preferences raise the issue as to the sustainability of popular dietary regimes, and the paper reviews the factors associated with satisfying requirements for adequate nutrition within those regimes. The ultimate physical constraints on food supply are described, together with the ways in which climate change may affect those constraints. During the 20th century, food supply increased sufficiently in most areas to keep pace with the rapid increase in world population. Many challenges will need to be overcome if food supply is to continue to meet demand, and those challenges are made more severe by rising expectations of quality of life in the developing world, as well as by the impacts of climate change on agriculture and aquaculture.

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    Foods
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Foods
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    Foods
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    Foods
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      Foods
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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2016
      Data sources: PubMed Central
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      Foods
      Article . 2016
      Data sources: DOAJ
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    Authors: Anna L. Jacobsen; Mark Westoby; Jarmila Pittermann; Amy E. Zanne; +22 Authors

    Shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures associated with climate change are likely to cause widespread forest decline in regions where droughts are predicted to increase in duration and severity. One primary cause of productivity loss and plant mortality during drought is hydraulic failure. Drought stress creates trapped gas emboli in the water transport system, which reduces the ability of plants to supply water to leaves for photosynthetic gas exchange and can ultimately result in desiccation and mortality. At present we lack a clear picture of how thresholds to hydraulic failure vary across a broad range of species and environments, despite many individual experiments. Here we draw together published and unpublished data on the vulnerability of the transport system to drought-induced embolism for a large number of woody species, with a view to examining the likely consequences of climate change for forest biomes. We show that 70% of 226 forest species from 81 sites worldwide operate with narrow (<1 megapascal) hydraulic safety margins against injurious levels of drought stress and therefore potentially face long-term reductions in productivity and survival if temperature and aridity increase as predicted for many regions across the globe. Safety margins are largely independent of mean annual precipitation, showing that there is global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, with all forest biomes equally vulnerable to hydraulic failure regardless of their current rainfall environment. These findings provide insight into why drought-induced forest decline is occurring not only in arid regions but also in wet forests not normally considered at drought risk.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Naturearrow_drop_down
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    Nature
    Article
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2012
    License: CC BY NC SA
    Data sources: CONICET Digital
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Nature
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2012
    Data sources: Hal
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2012
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    Nature
    Article . 2013
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    Authors: Anna L. Jacobsen; Mark Westoby; Jarmila Pittermann; Amy E. Zanne; +22 Authors

    Shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures associated with climate change are likely to cause widespread forest decline in regions where droughts are predicted to increase in duration and severity. One primary cause of productivity loss and plant mortality during drought is hydraulic failure. Drought stress creates trapped gas emboli in the water transport system, which reduces the ability of plants to supply water to leaves for photosynthetic gas exchange and can ultimately result in desiccation and mortality. At present we lack a clear picture of how thresholds to hydraulic failure vary across a broad range of species and environments, despite many individual experiments. Here we draw together published and unpublished data on the vulnerability of the transport system to drought-induced embolism for a large number of woody species, with a view to examining the likely consequences of climate change for forest biomes. We show that 70% of 226 forest species from 81 sites worldwide operate with narrow (<1 megapascal) hydraulic safety margins against injurious levels of drought stress and therefore potentially face long-term reductions in productivity and survival if temperature and aridity increase as predicted for many regions across the globe. Safety margins are largely independent of mean annual precipitation, showing that there is global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, with all forest biomes equally vulnerable to hydraulic failure regardless of their current rainfall environment. These findings provide insight into why drought-induced forest decline is occurring not only in arid regions but also in wet forests not normally considered at drought risk.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Naturearrow_drop_down
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    Nature
    Article
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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2012
    License: CC BY NC SA
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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    Hal
    Article . 2012
    Data sources: Hal
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2012
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    Nature
    Article . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jonathan P. Cornelius; Jonathan P. Cornelius; Me’ira Mizrahi; Tony Page; +3 Authors

    Abstract The impact of wood use by isolated Forest Dependent Communities (FDC) on forest conservation is not well understood. We present a study of wood use in the YUS area (combined watersheds of Yopno, Uruwa and Som rivers) in northern Papua New Guinea, where 57 communities depend on forests for their subsistence. Using a survey methodology based on the Poverty and Environment Network (PEN) survey protocol, we assess the annual volume of wood used, primary sources for this wood and evaluate the capacity of natural forest to sustainably support current rates of wood-use as well as their per capita CO 2 emissions. The primary reason for wood extraction was for fuelwood (6.4 kg person −1 day −1 or ∼11.1 tonne household −1 year −1 ) and housing construction (0.6 m −3 household −1 year −1 ). Fuelwood was collected primarily from areas close to the village, in fallow (grassland) and agroforestry land types, while construction wood was being sourced primarily from secondary and primary forests. The volume of construction wood currently harvested across YUS was approximately 11% the annual increase in timber volumes in available and accessible natural forest. Under this wood use rate and projected population growth (2.5–4%) these communities can harvest construction wood at a sustainable rate for between 55 and 90 years. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that the CO 2 emissions from wood extraction, and in particular fuelwood, are high; approaching 1.15 tonnes CO 2 person −1 year −1 . Household surveys revealed that all smallholders had a strong interest in planting trees for production of wood for house construction, which could reduce pressures on forests and compensate for CO 2 emissions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
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    Forest Ecology and Management
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forest Ecology and Management
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jonathan P. Cornelius; Jonathan P. Cornelius; Me’ira Mizrahi; Tony Page; +3 Authors

    Abstract The impact of wood use by isolated Forest Dependent Communities (FDC) on forest conservation is not well understood. We present a study of wood use in the YUS area (combined watersheds of Yopno, Uruwa and Som rivers) in northern Papua New Guinea, where 57 communities depend on forests for their subsistence. Using a survey methodology based on the Poverty and Environment Network (PEN) survey protocol, we assess the annual volume of wood used, primary sources for this wood and evaluate the capacity of natural forest to sustainably support current rates of wood-use as well as their per capita CO 2 emissions. The primary reason for wood extraction was for fuelwood (6.4 kg person −1 day −1 or ∼11.1 tonne household −1 year −1 ) and housing construction (0.6 m −3 household −1 year −1 ). Fuelwood was collected primarily from areas close to the village, in fallow (grassland) and agroforestry land types, while construction wood was being sourced primarily from secondary and primary forests. The volume of construction wood currently harvested across YUS was approximately 11% the annual increase in timber volumes in available and accessible natural forest. Under this wood use rate and projected population growth (2.5–4%) these communities can harvest construction wood at a sustainable rate for between 55 and 90 years. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that the CO 2 emissions from wood extraction, and in particular fuelwood, are high; approaching 1.15 tonnes CO 2 person −1 year −1 . Household surveys revealed that all smallholders had a strong interest in planting trees for production of wood for house construction, which could reduce pressures on forests and compensate for CO 2 emissions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Forest Ecology and Management
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forest Ecology and Management
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    Ricardian (hedonic) analyses of the impact of climate change on farmland values typically assume additively separable effects of temperature and precipitation. Model estimation is implemented on data aggregated across counties or large regions. We investigate the potential bias induced by such approaches by using a large panel of farm-level data. Consistent with the literature on plant physiology, we observe significant non-linear interaction effects, with more abundant precipitation acting as a mitigating factor for increased heat stress. This interaction disappears when the same data is aggregated in the conventional manner, leading to predictions of climate change impacts which are significantly distorted.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
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    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ricardian (hedonic) analyses of the impact of climate change on farmland values typically assume additively separable effects of temperature and precipitation. Model estimation is implemented on data aggregated across counties or large regions. We investigate the potential bias induced by such approaches by using a large panel of farm-level data. Consistent with the literature on plant physiology, we observe significant non-linear interaction effects, with more abundant precipitation acting as a mitigating factor for increased heat stress. This interaction disappears when the same data is aggregated in the conventional manner, leading to predictions of climate change impacts which are significantly distorted.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Muhammad Adnan Shahid; Ali Sarkhosh; Naeem Khan; Rashad Mukhtar Balal; +6 Authors

    Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Muhammad Adnan Shahid; Ali Sarkhosh; Naeem Khan; Rashad Mukhtar Balal; +6 Authors

    Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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