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AbstractNumerical study of the influence of Prandtl number on free convection flow phenomena in a solar collector having glass cover plate and sinusoidal absorber is done. The working fluid is water-Al2O3 nanofluid. The cover plate has initially constant temperature Th, while bottom absorber is at temperature Tc, with Th > Tc. The remaining walls are considered adiabatic. By Penalty Finite Element Method the governing differential equations with boundary conditions are solved. The effect of the Prandtl number on the flow pattern and heat transfer has been depicted. Comprehensive average Nusselt number, average temperature and mean velocity inside the collector are presented as a function of the governing parameter mentioned above. The highest Pr causes the greatest heat transfer. The enhancing performance of heat transfer rate is more effective for the water-Al2O3 nanofluid than the base fluid.

Environmental quality indicators are crucial for responsive and cost-effective policies. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between environmental quality indicators and financial development in Malaysia. For this purpose, the number of environmental quality indicators has been used, i.e., air pollution measured by carbon dioxide emissions, population density per square kilometer of land area, agricultural production measured by cereal production and livestock production, and energy resources considered by energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, which placed an impact on the financial development of the country. The study used four main financial indicators, i.e., broad money supply (M2), domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCFS), domestic credit to the private sector (DCPC), and inflation (CPI), which each financial indicator separately estimated with the environmental quality indicators, over a period of 1975-2013. The study used the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to minimize the simultaneity from the model. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions exert the positive correlation with the M2, DCFC, and DCPC, while there is a negative correlation with the CPI. However, these results have been evaporated from the GMM estimates, where carbon emissions have no significant relationship with any of the four financial indicators in Malaysia. The GMM results show that population density has a negative relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, in case of M2, this relationship is insignificant to explain their result. Cereal production has a positive relationship with the DCPC, while there is a negative relationship with the CPI. Livestock production exerts the positive relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, this relationship with the CPI has a more elastic relationship, while the remaining relationship is less elastic with the three financial indicators in a country. Energy resources comprise energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, both have distinct results with the financial indicators, as energy demand have a positive and significant relationship with the DCFC, DCPC, and CPI, while fossil fuel energy consumption have a negative relationship with these three financial indicators. The results of the study are of value to both environmentalists and policy makers.

Pure drinking water is one of the major concerns all over the world as 97% of water resource is not drinkable due to high salinity. Fresh drinking water is one of the indispensable needs for human being as well as other living creatures' survival. Like many others countries in the world, Bangladesh is one of the developing countries that has not been able to overcome the freshwater crisis yet, especially for its people of the coastal regions. To assist the rural or isolated communities by fulfilling their pure drinking water demand, a small scale brackish water reverse osmosis purification system assisted by solar photovoltaic (PV) energy as the renewable energy source has been proposed in this work. It has been revealed that solar PV source serves the best for a small scale power generation for the rural or remote region and reverse osmosis process is the most economical system for brackish water purification. After a thorough experimental investigation and analysis, it was found that the system fulfilled the national and international standard of pure drinking water, where 0.19BDT/litre (0.0022USD/litre) has been achieved as the most cost-efficient outcome of the water purification system. Other existing pure drinking water systems that offers around 1.0BDT/litre (0.013USD/litre) as the retail price in Bangladesh at present.

Owing to the technological revolution of widespread internet access telecom industries are expanding rapidly to cope up with up trending user demand. As a consequence, the vast amount of energy consumed by the cellular networks has become a great concern from an economic and environmental perspective. The ever-increasing energy demand has received a considerable attention about the future energy availability and associated costs due to the limited fuel energy sources. This study examined the feasibility of hybrid PV/DG system to powering the off-grid BSs in a remote area of Bangladesh aiming to diminish the sole dependency on fuel energy source as well as minimize the pollution rate. The proposed system has been extensively analyzed focusing on the major key aspects: energy status, economic status and environmental status for both dynamic and peak traffic varying transmission bandwidth (BW). Simulation results exhibit that the proposed system under dynamic traffic distribution inherently reduces the diesel consumption thoroughly maximizing renewable energy utilization. After that, this paper compares the performance parameters of the proposed system with the standalone DG considering the dynamic and peak load for different bandwidth. The proposed system has the potential to reduces the electricity generation cost and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) emissions about 5.3 % and 98% respectively over the standalone DG system.

Engineers have been using the material balance equation (MBE) for almost the last five decades to estimate cumulative production. However, it still is an effective tool to estimate the original hydrocarbon (oil and gas) available in the reservoir. The conventional material balance method has been successfully applying for the regular structure of a typical reservoir. In this method, all formation properties are assumed constant. However, it is very important to take care of the alteration of rock and fluid properties concerning space and time during the production history of the reservoir. Therefore, there is an immense need to understand how rocks and fluid properties change with space and time. In this paper, a thorough review and critical analysis of MBE are presented so that researchers can find a solution to why and how the incorporation of continuous alteration phenomena is needed to be considered during the development of new and dynamic MBE. Besides, the need for incorporation of all unconventional properties is detailed in this review research This review will help the new researcher to get a guideline for starting further research on the material balance equation. This study makes a crucial scope for carrying research to make a way out for the nonlinear behavior of the reservoir. This article also shows how different unconventional properties of the reservoir have been overlooked in many researches works. Finally, a guideline is provided to overcome the previous challenges in estimating hydrocarbon reserve, and workflow is presented to develop a new dynamic MBE.

A smart grid is a modernized electrical or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information such as information about an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Substation automation of electric power distribution system is an important step to implement the Smart Grid technology. The focus of this paper is to introduce a new protection system for double bus and to familiarize with substation automation to Bangladesh where the power system is very detailed, complex and quite aged. Though it is a very new and expensive concept, yet Bangladesh Government has showed positive approach.

Abstract In this study, a hybrid system for potential electricity generation for Rohingya refugees in Kutupalong camp, Ukhia, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh is investigated. Six scenarios are considered, and an optimal configuration is chosen based on low cost of energy and low emission. The optimum system consists of a combination of Generator/PV Panel/Wind/Converter/Battery. The configuration has cost of energy of 0.35$ per kW, and the renewable fraction is found to be 87%. The proposed system is also environmentally friendly and the optimum system discharges less than 65%, 84%, and 61% emission when compared with grid, diesel, and kerosene respectively. From sustainability indicators, it was observed that the amount of diesel needed to be imported is 30%. Therefore, dependency on import is less, and this makes the proposed system highly reliable. Besides, this system does not use biomass to generate electricity. 87% resources come from renewable energy sources. So this system is highly sustainable. There is literally no idle time for equipment since their deployment is according to the demands of people. This idle time of equipment causes depreciation which in turn leads to less efficiency and higher cost.

Smart grid and renewable energy have become the topic of intensive research, deployment across the world over last few years. Smart grid delivers electricity from grid to consumers and consumers to grid by digital technology with two way communications. Bangladesh is a small country with large wind energy resources. Wind speeds in Chittagong and Cox's Bazaar districts are promising. This paper describes the smart grid concept, wind energy of cox's bazaar and integration of wind power in smart grid. The main aim of this paper is to reduce power crisis and to reduce govt. cost to install 30 windmills (60MW) in cox's bazaar.