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CdTe‐based thin film solar cell has been modeled and enumerated with a thin CuInTe2 (CIT) current booster layer. CdTe‐based n‐CdS/p‐CdTe/p+‐CIT/p++‐WSe2 heterojunction device is evaluated for the highest performance. It is revealed that physical parameters such as thickness, doping, and defects of the CIT layer have a significant influence on the performance of the CdTe solar cell. The device shows an efficiency of 37.46% with an open‐circuit voltage, VOC, of 1.102 V, short‐circuit current density, JSC, of 38.50 mA cm−2, and fill factor, FF, of 88.30%. The use of the photon recycling technique with a Bragg reflector with 98% back and 95% front reflectance only provides an efficiency of ≈44.3% with a current of 45.4 mA cm−2. These findings are very hopeful for the production of efficient CdTe solar cells in the near future.

AbstractNumerical study of the influence of Prandtl number on free convection flow phenomena in a solar collector having glass cover plate and sinusoidal absorber is done. The working fluid is water-Al2O3 nanofluid. The cover plate has initially constant temperature Th, while bottom absorber is at temperature Tc, with Th > Tc. The remaining walls are considered adiabatic. By Penalty Finite Element Method the governing differential equations with boundary conditions are solved. The effect of the Prandtl number on the flow pattern and heat transfer has been depicted. Comprehensive average Nusselt number, average temperature and mean velocity inside the collector are presented as a function of the governing parameter mentioned above. The highest Pr causes the greatest heat transfer. The enhancing performance of heat transfer rate is more effective for the water-Al2O3 nanofluid than the base fluid.

A scheme for aviation warning light is presented here. Unlike the conventional systems used for this purpose, the system presented here is using intelligent way of sensing daylight sensor fault, intelligent way of sensing light fault, intelligent way of activating standby light in case of the main light fault, ground cable monitoring and responding system with beep for any fault occurs. Microcontroller from 8051 family with tiny operating systems is implemented here for controlling and calculating in a multitasking environment so that the system becomes dependable with advanced feature.

Reliable evaluation of distribution systems is of high importance in the maintenance and expansion of these systems. A time‐sequential simulation technique is presented in this paper in which the effects of weather conditions and maintenance methods in the assessment of reliable cost of integrated distribution systems are provided. Time‐Varying Weight Factors (TVWF) are defined to investigate the effect of weather conditions and present maintenance methods on Failure rates (FR). In fact, the average Failure Rate (FR) is combined with TVWF to provide time‐varying repair times (TVRT) for each component. Similarly, the average Repair Time (RT) is also combined with TVWF to produce Time‐Varying‐Repair Time (TVRT). An experimental distribution system showed that TVFR has more effects on the interruption costs of the sensitive costumers. It has also significant effects on the indices of all costumers. So, it is necessary to consider TVRT in evaluating the reliability of the network cost.

Des expériences sur le terrain ont été menées à deux endroits (un sur un sol normal, BARI Gazipur et un autre sur un sol salin, ARS, Benarpota, Satkhira) pendant deux années consécutives (2014 et 2015) pour étudier les effets de l'irrigation déficitaire (DI) sur le rendement, la productivité de l'eau et l'économie sur la production de tournesol. La conception était RCB et les traitements d'irrigation étaient : FI-100 (T1), DI-80 (T2) et DI-60 (T3) aux stades végétatif, pré-floraison et de tête, FI-100 (T4), DI-80 (T5) et DI-60 (T6) aux stades végétatif et pré-floraison, et FI-100 (T7), DI-80 (T8) et DI-60 (T9) aux stades végétatif et de tête. Les résultats ont indiqué que les traitements par DI réduisaient considérablement les paramètres de croissance des plantes (couverture de la canopée et biomasse à l'exception de la densité de la longueur des racines), les attributs de rendement et le rendement en graines par rapport à l'irrigation complète (FI) (T1). L'étape de pré-floraison était l'étape critique de l'ID. Le DI-60 aux stades végétatif et pré-floraison (T6) a produit des rendements en graines de 2,18 et 2,53 t ha−1 en économisant 68,15 et 54,75 % d'eau aux sols normaux et salins. Ce traitement (T6) a également donné la productivité de l'eau, la productivité de l'eau d'irrigation et le rendement financier net les plus élevés. Les résultats seront utiles pour prendre des décisions politiques concernant l'irrigation efficace et la gestion de l'eau dans une situation de pénurie d'eau. Se realizaron experimentos de campo en dos ubicaciones (una en suelo normal, BARI Gazipur y otra en suelo salino, ARS, Benarpota, Satkhira) durante dos años consecutivos (2014 y 2015) para estudiar los efectos del riego deficitario (DI) en el rendimiento, la productividad del agua y la economía en la producción de girasol. El diseño fue RCB y los tratamientos de riego fueron: FI-100 (T1), DI-80 (T2) y DI-60 (T3) en las etapas vegetativa, pre-floración y rumbo, FI-100 (T4), DI-80 (T5) y DI-60 (T6) en las etapas vegetativa y pre-floración, y FI-100 (T7), DI-80 (T8) y DI-60 (T9) en las etapas vegetativa y de rumbo. Los resultados indicaron que los tratamientos DI redujeron significativamente los parámetros de crecimiento de las plantas (cobertura del dosel y biomasa excepto la densidad de longitud de la raíz), los atributos de rendimiento y el rendimiento de las semillas en comparación con el riego completo (FI) (T1). La etapa previa a la floración era la etapa crítica para la DI. DI-60 en las etapas vegetativa y pre-floración (T6) produjo 2.18 y 2.53 t ha−1 de rendimiento de semillas al ahorrar 68.15 y 54.75% de agua en suelo normal y en suelo salino. Este tratamiento (T6) también proporcionó la mayor productividad de agua, productividad de agua de riego y rendimiento financiero neto. Los resultados serán útiles para tomar decisiones políticas con respecto al riego eficiente y la gestión del agua en la situación actual de escasez de agua. Field experiments were conducted at two locations (one at normal soil, BARI Gazipur and another at saline soil, ARS, Benarpota, Satkhira) during two consecutive years (2014 and 2015) to study the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on yield, water productivity and economics on sunflower production. Design was RCB and irrigation treatments were: FI-100 (T1), DI-80 (T2) and DI-60 (T3) at vegetative, pre-flowering and heading stages, FI-100 (T4), DI-80 (T5) and DI-60 (T6) at vegetative and pre-flowering stages, and FI-100 (T7), DI-80 (T8) and DI-60 (T9) at vegetative and heading stages. Results indicated that DI treatments significantly reduced plant growth parameters (canopy coverage, and biomass except root length density), yield attributes and seed yield compared to full irrigation (FI) (T1). Pre-flowering stage was the critical stage to DI. DI-60 at vegetative and pre-flowering stages (T6) produced 2.18 and 2.53 t ha−1 seed yields by saving 68.15 and 54.75% water at normal and at saline soil. This treatment (T6) also gave the highest water productivity, irrigation water productivity, and net financial return. The results will be helpful for taking policy decision regarding efficient irrigation and water management under prevailing water scarce situation. أجريت تجارب ميدانية في موقعين (أحدهما في التربة العادية، باري غازيبور والآخر في التربة المالحة، آرس، بيناربوتا، ساتخيرا) خلال عامين متتاليين (2014 و 2015) لدراسة آثار الري بالعجز (DI) على الغلة وإنتاجية المياه والاقتصاد على إنتاج عباد الشمس. كان التصميم عبارة عن RCB ومعالجات الري هي: FI -100 (T1) و DI -80 (T2) و DI -60 (T3) في المراحل النباتية وقبل الإزهار والتوجه، FI -100 (T4) و DI -80 (T5) و DI -60 (T6) في المراحل النباتية وقبل الإزهار، و FI -100 (T7) و DI -80 (T8) و DI -60 (T9) في المراحل النباتية والتوجه. أشارت النتائج إلى أن معالجات DI قللت بشكل كبير من معلمات نمو النبات (تغطية المظلة، والكتلة الحيوية باستثناء كثافة طول الجذر)، وسمات الغلة ومحصول البذور مقارنة بالري الكامل (FI) (T1). كانت مرحلة ما قبل الإزهار هي المرحلة الحرجة بالنسبة لـ DI. أنتج DI -60 في المراحل النباتية ومراحل ما قبل الإزهار (T6) 2.18 و 2.53 طن هكتار-1 من غلة البذور عن طريق توفير 68.15 و 54.75 ٪ من المياه في التربة العادية والمالحة. كما أعطت هذه المعالجة (T6) أعلى إنتاجية للمياه وإنتاجية مياه الري وصافي العائد المالي. ستكون النتائج مفيدة لاتخاذ قرار سياسي بشأن الري الفعال وإدارة المياه في ظل حالة ندرة المياه السائدة.

Environmental quality indicators are crucial for responsive and cost-effective policies. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between environmental quality indicators and financial development in Malaysia. For this purpose, the number of environmental quality indicators has been used, i.e., air pollution measured by carbon dioxide emissions, population density per square kilometer of land area, agricultural production measured by cereal production and livestock production, and energy resources considered by energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, which placed an impact on the financial development of the country. The study used four main financial indicators, i.e., broad money supply (M2), domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCFS), domestic credit to the private sector (DCPC), and inflation (CPI), which each financial indicator separately estimated with the environmental quality indicators, over a period of 1975-2013. The study used the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to minimize the simultaneity from the model. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions exert the positive correlation with the M2, DCFC, and DCPC, while there is a negative correlation with the CPI. However, these results have been evaporated from the GMM estimates, where carbon emissions have no significant relationship with any of the four financial indicators in Malaysia. The GMM results show that population density has a negative relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, in case of M2, this relationship is insignificant to explain their result. Cereal production has a positive relationship with the DCPC, while there is a negative relationship with the CPI. Livestock production exerts the positive relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, this relationship with the CPI has a more elastic relationship, while the remaining relationship is less elastic with the three financial indicators in a country. Energy resources comprise energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, both have distinct results with the financial indicators, as energy demand have a positive and significant relationship with the DCFC, DCPC, and CPI, while fossil fuel energy consumption have a negative relationship with these three financial indicators. The results of the study are of value to both environmentalists and policy makers.

Coastal communities in the Coral Triangle are increasingly threatened by climate change. Sea-level rise (SLR) will result in biophysical and socioeconomic impacts that could increase the loss of livelihoods, cultural heritage and infrastructure. Effective adaptation requires a holistic approach that incorporates scientific knowledge together with local and traditional knowledge. Community-based adaptation built on local knowledge is of great value for environmental management, particularly when scientific data are lacking. This article reports a case study that integrated traditional and scientific knowledge using participatory three-dimensional modeling (P3DM) in BoeBoe village, Solomon Islands. P3DM is a process by which members of the local community build a physical terrain model and overlay it with the location of important resources such as protected areas or harvesting sites. Additionally, SLR inundation scenarios based on surveyed elevations were incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS), allowing for a real-time integration of science with local knowledge. Despite discrepancies in scales and accuracy, information from both the P3DM and GIS were complementary. The process, itself, provided a forum for discussion between many members of the village who would normally not be involved and highlighted the importance of community engagement when building capacity for adaptation to climate change.

En este trabajo, se ha investigado el impacto de seis capas diferentes de recubrimiento antirreflectante (ARC) utilizando el software de simulación PC1D. La simulación muestra que el rango de 500–700 nm sería adecuado para diseñar un ARCO. Diseñando un ARCO de nitruro de silicio de una sola capa (Si3N4) para una longitud de onda de 600 nm y con un espesor de 74.257 nm, se ha simulado una célula solar de silicio con una eficiencia del 20.35%. Le sigue muy de cerca una célula solar de silicio con una eficiencia del 20,34% con una capa de ARCO de óxido de zinc (ZnO) de 74,87 nm de espesor. Se ha observado un aumento significativo en la eficiencia al aplicar ARC con respecto a no aplicar ningún tipo de ARC. Después de un modelado eficiente de las células solares, se está logrando una eficiencia óptima del 20,67% mediante el uso de la pasivación superficial de SiO2 y la capa de ARCO de Si3N4. Los efectos sobre la tensión, la corriente, la eficiencia fotovoltaica, la reflectividad y la eficiencia cuántica externa debidos a los ARC también están representados en este trabajo. Dans ce travail, l'impact de six couches différentes de revêtement antireflet (ARC) a été étudié à l'aide du logiciel de simulation PC1D. La simulation montre que la plage de 500–700 nm serait appropriée pour concevoir un ARC. En concevant un ARC de nitrure de silicium monocouche (Si3N4) pour une longueur d'onde de 600 nm et une épaisseur de 74,257 nm, une cellule solaire en silicium avec une efficacité de 20,35% a été simulée. Très étroitement suivie par une cellule solaire en silicium à 20,34 % d'efficacité avec une couche d'ARC en oxyde de zinc (ZnO) de 74,87 nm d'épaisseur. Une augmentation significative de l'efficacité a été observée en appliquant L'ARC par rapport à l'absence d'application de tout type d'ARC. Après une modélisation efficace des cellules solaires, une efficacité optimale de 20,67 % est obtenue en utilisant la passivation de surface SiO2 et la couche D'ARC Si3N4. Les effets sur la tension, le courant, l'efficacité photovoltaïque, la réflectivité et l'efficacité quantique externe dus aux ARC sont également représentés dans ce travail. In this work, the impact of six different anti-reflection coating (ARC) layers has been investigated using PC1D simulation software. Simulation shows that the range of 500–700 nm would be suitable for designing an ARC. Designing a single-layer silicon nitride (Si3N4) ARC for 600 nm wavelength and with a thickness of 74.257 nm, a silicon solar cell with 20.35% efficiency has been simulated. Very closely followed by a 20.34% efficient silicon solar cell with 74.87 nm thick zinc oxide (ZnO) ARC layer. Significant increase in efficiency has been observed by applying ARC in respect to not applying any kind of ARC. After efficient solar cell modeling, optimum efficiency of 20.67% is being achieved by using SiO2 surface passivation and Si3N4 ARC layer. The effects on voltage, current, photovoltaic efficiency, reflectivity and external quantum efficiency due to ARCs are also represented in this work. في هذا العمل، تم التحقيق في تأثير ست طبقات مختلفة من الطلاء المضاد للانعكاس (ARC) باستخدام برنامج محاكاة PC1D. تظهر المحاكاة أن النطاق من 500–700 نانومتر سيكون مناسبًا لتصميم القوس. تصميم قوس نيتريد السيليكون أحادي الطبقة (Si3N4) بطول موجي 600 نانومتر وبسمك 74.257 نانومتر، تمت محاكاة خلية شمسية من السيليكون بكفاءة 20.35 ٪. تليها عن كثب خلية شمسية من السيليكون فعالة بنسبة 20.34 ٪ مع طبقة قوسية من أكسيد الزنك بسماكة 74.87 نانومتر (ZnO). لوحظت زيادة كبيرة في الكفاءة من خلال تطبيق القوس فيما يتعلق بعدم تطبيق أي نوع من القوس. بعد نمذجة الخلايا الشمسية بكفاءة، يتم تحقيق الكفاءة المثلى بنسبة 20.67 ٪ باستخدام تخميل سطح SiO2 وطبقة Si3N4 القوسية. يتم تمثيل التأثيرات على الجهد والتيار والكفاءة الكهروضوئية والانعكاسية والكفاءة الكمية الخارجية بسبب ARCs أيضًا في هذا العمل.