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This repository is complementary material for storing and sharing the scientific data used in the article 'Precipitation Trends using Gridded Dynamic Sampling Zones: Case Study Yangtze Delta Megalopolis'. It includes: binarized landuse images in geotiff format, calculated time series of percentile statistics in csv format.

Rapid urbanization combined with high economic growth, industrialization, and changes in socio-economic conditions increase the quantity of municipal solid waste. Cities located in South-Asia are facing serious issues due to waste, with countries like India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan top of the list of bad waste management. The increasing generation of solid waste and also the improper management of waste in Bangladesh leads to environmental degradation. Current waste management practice in Bangladesh is so weak that day by day it is harming the climate and creating a lot of unwanted situations. This research consists of an examination of the current administrative measures and presents another proposition for the executive cycle to decrease ecological contamination. The research study aims to decrease the amount of waste being dumped into municipal sanitary landfill sites & converting the waste into energy which is both financially and environmentally suitable by involving unemployed people in the management system. The results of this study will give an idea of how waste can be utilized as a resource and how this resource can be a capital good as well as how the local level problems can be solved by taking some strategies and making our environment suitable for future generations.

Les insectes nuisibles sont un problème très courant dans les jardins de thé où ils causent une perte énorme chaque année. L'étude a été menée pour mesurer le potentiel d'un piège à lumière LED solaire en tant que technologie de lutte antiparasitaire respectueuse de l'environnement dans le jardin de thé du Bangladesh. Les résultats ont montré que le plus grand nombre d'insectes des ordres des coléoptères (3526) et des hémiptères (557) était capturé sous le piège à lumière LED solaire alors qu'il était le plus faible chez les hyménoptères (47) et les orthoptères (3). Les résultats de l'étude ont également indiqué que sur une moyenne de 9 jours, le nombre total d'insectes capturés était de 725, 244, 146, 112 et 85 à 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 et 22-11 heures, respectivement, alors qu'il était de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 et 3222 du 1er au 9e jour, respectivement. Par conséquent, le taux décroissant moyen avec le temps (horaire) a été calculé à 66,34, 40,16, 23,29 et 24,11 % par rapport à la 1ère heure (18h-19h). Le patron moyen de capture des insectes par rapport aux 1ers jours a été diminué ou vice-versa. De 18h00 à 11h00, l'intensité lumineuse initiale a été mesurée à 28 lux, ce qui a augmenté jusqu'à 245 lux à 20h00, puis a considérablement diminué. L'intensité lumineuse a une relation positive avec la capture des insectes. La plupart des insectes coléoptères et hémiptères ont été capturés sous faible intensité lumineuse en début de soirée (18h00). Par conséquent, l'étude a suggéré que le piège à lumière LED à base solaire pourrait avoir le potentiel de réduire un grand nombre de parasites du thé dans le jardin de thé. Las plagas de insectos son un problema muy común en el jardín de té, donde causan una gran pérdida cada año. El estudio se realizó para medir la potencialidad de una trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar como una tecnología de manejo de plagas ecológica en el jardín de té de Bangladesh. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor número de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera (3526) y Hemiptera (557) se capturaron bajo la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar, mientras que fue más bajo en Hymenoptera (47) y Orthoptera (3). Los resultados del estudio también indicaron que en un promedio de 9 días, el total de insectos capturados (número) fue de 725, 244, 146, 112 y 85 a las 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 y 10-11 pm, respectivamente, mientras que fue de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 y 3222 en los días 1 a 9, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, la tasa media de disminución con el tiempo (por hora) se calculó en 66.34, 40.16, 23.29 y 24.11% en comparación con la 1ª hora (6-7 pm). El patrón medio capturado de los insectos en comparación con los primeros días disminuyó o viceversa. De 6:00 p. m. a 11:00 a. m., la intensidad de la luz inicial se midió a 28 lux, que se elevó hasta 245 lux a las 8:00 p. m., después de lo cual se redujo drásticamente. La intensidad de la luz tiene una relación positiva con la captura de insectos. La mayoría de los insectos coleópteros y hemípteros fueron capturados bajo baja intensidad de luz en la tarde (6.00 pm). Por lo tanto, el estudio sugirió que la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar podría tener el potencial de reducir una gran cantidad de plagas de té en el jardín de té. Insect pest is a very common problem in tea garden where they caused a huge loss in each year. The study was conducted to measure the potentiality of a solar based LED light trap as an eco-friendly pest management technology in the tea garden of Bangladesh. The results showed that the highest number of insects from Coleoptera (3526) and Hemiptera (557) orders were captured under the solar based LED light trap while it was lowest in Hymenoptera (47) and Orthoptera (3). The study results also indicated that in an average of 9 days, total captured insects (number) were 725, 244, 146, 112, and 85 at 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, and 10-11 pm, respectively while it was 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 and 3222 at 1st to 9th days, respectively. Hence, the average decreasing rate with time (hourly) was computed at 66.34, 40.16, 23.29, and 24.11% compared to the 1st hour (6-7 pm). The average captured pattern of the insects compared to the 1st days was decreased or vice-versa. From 6.00 pm to 11.00 am, the initial light intensity was measured at 28 lux which raised up to 245 lux at 8.00 pm after that it down drastically. Light intensity has a positive relation with insect capture. Most of the Coleopteran and Hemipteran insects were captured under low light intensity in the early evening (6.00 pm). Therefore, the study suggested that the solar based LED light trap might have the potential to reduce a great number of tea pests in the tea garden. الآفات الحشرية هي مشكلة شائعة جدا في حديقة الشاي حيث تسببت في خسارة كبيرة في كل عام. أُجريت الدراسة لقياس إمكانات مصيدة إضاءة LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية كتقنية صديقة للبيئة لإدارة الآفات في حديقة الشاي في بنغلاديش. وأظهرت النتائج أن أكبر عدد من الحشرات من غمديات الأجنحة (3526) ونصف الأجنحة (557) تم التقاطها تحت فخ ضوء LED الشمسي بينما كان أدنى مستوى في غشاء البكارة (47) و Orthoptera (3). كما أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنه في متوسط 9 أيام، بلغ إجمالي الحشرات التي تم اصطيادها (العدد) 725 و 244 و 146 و 112 و 85 في 6-7 و 7-8 و 8-9 و 9-10 و 10-11 مساءً، على التوالي، بينما كان 656 و 1004 و 566 و 3970 و 602 و 489 و 680 و 620 و 3222 في الأيام من الأول إلى التاسع على التوالي. وبالتالي، تم حساب متوسط معدل التناقص مع الوقت (بالساعة) عند 66.34 و 40.16 و 23.29 و 24.11 ٪ مقارنة بالساعة الأولى (6-7 مساءً). انخفض متوسط النمط الذي تم التقاطه من الحشرات مقارنة بالأيام الأولى أو العكس. من الساعة 6:00 مساءً إلى الساعة 11:00 صباحًا، تم قياس شدة الضوء الأولية عند 28 لوكس والتي ارتفعت إلى 245 لوكس في الساعة 8:00 مساءً بعد ذلك انخفضت بشكل كبير. شدة الضوء لها علاقة إيجابية مع التقاط الحشرات. تم التقاط معظم حشرات غمدية الأجنحة ونصف الأجنحة تحت شدة الإضاءة المنخفضة في وقت مبكر من المساء (6.00 مساءً). لذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى أن مصيدة ضوء LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية قد يكون لها القدرة على تقليل عدد كبير من آفات الشاي في حديقة الشاي.

Micro- and nanoscale patterned monolayers of plasmonic nanoparticles were fabricated by combining concepts from colloidal chemistry, self-assembly, and subtractive soft lithography. Leveraging chemical interactions between the capping ligands of pre-synthesized gold colloids and a polydimethylsiloxane stamp, we demonstrated patterning gold nanoparticles over centimeter-scale areas with a variety of micro- and nanoscale geometries, including islands, lines, and chiral structures (e.g., square spirals). By successfully achieving nanoscale manipulation over a wide range of substrates and patterns, we establish a powerful and straightforward strategy, nanoparticle chemical lift-off lithography (NP-CLL), for the economical and scalable fabrication of functional plasmonic materials with colloidal nanoparticles as building blocks, offering a transformative solution for designing next-generation plasmonic technologies.

Bangladesh is currently hosting about 1.30 million Rohingya people in its southeastern region, the most persecuted ethnic minority of the world. The present semi structured living shelters mostly made of bamboo and plastic sheets, are not resistant to environmental disasters like- monsoon rain, cyclone, mudslide, and prone to cause vector borne diseases. This study developed plastic brick, where a waste 500 mL polyethylene terephthalate bottle was utilized which was manually compacted with air dried fine sand as the filler material. Cardboard frame was used to shape the brick like a normal clay brick. The filled bottle was placed at the central portion of the frame where hand blended mortar was used to cover the whole frame up to the marked dimensions. The prepared brick samples were subjected to compression test and the average strength obtained was 2.88 and 3.29 N/mm2 for 14- and 28-day crushing age samples, respectively and demonstrated a high potential for the bricks to be used in construction works. The hazard due to environmental disasters in the displacement camps along with managing plastic waste, utilization of plastic brick can be a low cost, useful, and sustainable way towards a safe and rigid living structure.

Enhancing academic engagement in university students can help enrich students’ educational experience. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources Model and the Job Demand-Resources Model, this study aims to explore the links between undergraduates’ achievement goal orientation and academic engagement (AE), by examining the mediating functions of perceived school climate (PSC) and academic self-efficacy (ASE). Using whole-group sampling, 571 Chinese undergraduates were selected using a self-reporting method to explore the impacts of mastery-approach goals (MAGs) and performance-avoidance goals (PAGs) on AE, as well as the chain mediating effects of PSC and ASE. The findings show that both MAGs and PAGs have a positive, direct, predictive effect on university students’ AE. Additionally, both goal orientations indirectly predict AE through PSC and ASE, separately. The results showed there was also a significant chain mediating effect of PSC and ASE, where for both goal orientations, AE was positively predicted. This study highlights the role of environmental as well as personal factors in facilitating self-regulated learning among university students, and it discusses implications for future research.

Extensive use of water in different industries particularly leather tanning has drawn attention in recent years. In this research, a new approach has been developed to reduce water consumption in the tanning industry. Four different experiments were carried out on raw goat skins by using various quantities of water which were much lower than the influx of water consumed in the conventional leather tanning processes. One control experiment was conducted in which the volume of water was used as 100% of the conventional method (37 m3/ton) in every step of leather processing. The experiments showed a reduction of 15%, 25%, 35%, and 50% in water consumption respectively from the control method used in the processing of raw leathers. The resulting goat leathers were examined with various physical tests such as tensile strength, percentage of elongation, stitch, tongue tear strengths etc. The results showed the presence of all significant qualities. The processed leathers were thermally stable and exhibited percentages of elongations in the range of 40.94% to 50.85% which were considerably higher than those (38.1%) observed with the conventional method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) studies confirmed identical morphological and structural characteristics of all processed leathers. These methods of leather processing are environmentally friendly and suitable for large-scale industrial production. Efficient reduction of water use in raw leather processing may significantly decrease the toxic liquid waste and tannery pollution.

AbstractNumerical study of the influence of Prandtl number on free convection flow phenomena in a solar collector having glass cover plate and sinusoidal absorber is done. The working fluid is water-Al2O3 nanofluid. The cover plate has initially constant temperature Th, while bottom absorber is at temperature Tc, with Th > Tc. The remaining walls are considered adiabatic. By Penalty Finite Element Method the governing differential equations with boundary conditions are solved. The effect of the Prandtl number on the flow pattern and heat transfer has been depicted. Comprehensive average Nusselt number, average temperature and mean velocity inside the collector are presented as a function of the governing parameter mentioned above. The highest Pr causes the greatest heat transfer. The enhancing performance of heat transfer rate is more effective for the water-Al2O3 nanofluid than the base fluid.