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Bioavailability has been used as a key indicator in chemical risk assessment yet poorly quantified risk factor. Worldwide, the framework used to assess potentially contaminated sites is similar, and the decisions are based on threshold contaminant concentration. The uncertainty in the definition and measurement of bioavailability had limited its application to environment risk assessment and remediation. Last ten years have seen major developments in bioavailability research and acceptance. The use of bioavailability in the decision making process as one of the key variables has led to a gradual shift towards a more sophisticated risk-based approach. Now a days, many decision makers and regulatory organisations 'more readily accept' this concept. Bioavailability should be the underlying basis for risk assessment and setting remediation goals of those contaminated sites that pose risk to environmental and human health. This paper summarises the potential application of contaminant bioavailability and bioaccessibility to the assessment of sites affected by different contaminants, and the potential for this to be the underlying basis for sustainable risk assessment and remediation in Europe, North America and Australia over the coming decade.

Idéalement, les résultats des modèles fonctionnant à différentes échelles devraient correspondre à la direction de la tendance et à l'ampleur des impacts sous le changement climatique. Cependant, cela implique que la sensibilité à la variabilité du climat et au changement climatique est comparable pour les modèles d'impact conçus pour l'une ou l'autre échelle. Dans cette étude, nous comparons les changements hydrologiques simulés par 9 modèles hydrologiques mondiaux et 9 modèles hydrologiques régionaux (HM) pour 11 grands bassins hydrographiques sur tous les continents dans des conditions de référence et de scénario. Les thèmes principaux sont les cycles de validation des modèles, la sensibilité de la décharge annuelle à la variabilité climatique au cours de la période de référence et la sensibilité de la dynamique saisonnière mensuelle moyenne à long terme au changement climatique. Un résultat majeur est que les modèles globaux, pour la plupart non calibrés par rapport aux observations, montrent souvent un biais considérable dans les rejets mensuels moyens, alors que les modèles régionaux montrent une meilleure reproduction des conditions de référence. Cependant, la sensibilité des deux ensembles HM à la variabilité climatique est en général similaire. Les impacts simulés du changement climatique en termes de dynamique mensuelle moyenne à long terme évaluée pour les médianes et les spreads de l'ensemble HM montrent que les médianes sont dans une certaine mesure comparables dans certains cas, mais présentent des différences distinctes dans d'autres cas, et les spreads liés aux modèles globaux sont principalement nettement plus importants. En résumé, cela implique que les MM mondiaux sont des outils utiles pour examiner les impacts à grande échelle du changement et de la variabilité climatiques. Chaque fois que les impacts pour un bassin hydrographique ou une région spécifique présentent un intérêt, par exemple pour des applications complexes de gestion de l'eau, les modèles à l'échelle régionale calibrés et validés par rapport au débit observé doivent être utilisés. Idealmente, los resultados de los modelos que operan a diferentes escalas deberían coincidir en la dirección de la tendencia y la magnitud de los impactos bajo el cambio climático. Sin embargo, esto implica que la sensibilidad a la variabilidad climática y al cambio climático es comparable para los modelos de impacto diseñados para cualquier escala. En este estudio, comparamos los cambios hidrológicos simulados por 9 modelos hidrológicos (HM) globales y 9 regionales para 11 grandes cuencas fluviales en todos los continentes bajo condiciones de referencia y escenario. Los enfoques se centran en las ejecuciones de validación de modelos, la sensibilidad de la descarga anual a la variabilidad climática en el período de referencia y la sensibilidad de la dinámica estacional mensual media a largo plazo al cambio climático. Un resultado importante es que los modelos globales, en su mayoría no calibrados contra los observados, a menudo muestran un sesgo considerable en la descarga mensual media, mientras que los modelos regionales muestran una mejor reproducción de las condiciones de referencia. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad de los dos conjuntos HM a la variabilidad climática es en general similar. Los impactos simulados del cambio climático en términos de dinámica mensual promedio a largo plazo evaluados para las medianas y los diferenciales del conjunto HM muestran que las medianas son en cierta medida comparables en algunos casos, pero tienen diferencias claras en otros casos, y los diferenciales relacionados con los modelos globales son en su mayoría notablemente mayores. En resumen, esto implica que los HM globales son herramientas útiles cuando se analizan los impactos a gran escala del cambio climático y la variabilidad. Siempre que los impactos para una cuenca o región fluvial específica sean de interés, por ejemplo, para aplicaciones complejas de gestión del agua, se deben utilizar los modelos a escala regional calibrados y validados frente a los vertidos observados. Ideally, the results from models operating at different scales should agree in trend direction and magnitude of impacts under climate change. However, this implies that the sensitivity to climate variability and climate change is comparable for impact models designed for either scale. In this study, we compare hydrological changes simulated by 9 global and 9 regional hydrological models (HM) for 11 large river basins in all continents under reference and scenario conditions. The foci are on model validation runs, sensitivity of annual discharge to climate variability in the reference period, and sensitivity of the long-term average monthly seasonal dynamics to climate change. One major result is that the global models, mostly not calibrated against observations, often show a considerable bias in mean monthly discharge, whereas regional models show a better reproduction of reference conditions. However, the sensitivity of the two HM ensembles to climate variability is in general similar. The simulated climate change impacts in terms of long-term average monthly dynamics evaluated for HM ensemble medians and spreads show that the medians are to a certain extent comparable in some cases, but have distinct differences in other cases, and the spreads related to global models are mostly notably larger. Summarizing, this implies that global HMs are useful tools when looking at large-scale impacts of climate change and variability. Whenever impacts for a specific river basin or region are of interest, e.g. for complex water management applications, the regional-scale models calibrated and validated against observed discharge should be used. من الناحية المثالية، يجب أن تتفق النتائج من النماذج التي تعمل على مستويات مختلفة في اتجاه الاتجاه وحجم التأثيرات في ظل تغير المناخ. ومع ذلك، فإن هذا يعني أن الحساسية لتقلب المناخ وتغير المناخ قابلة للمقارنة مع نماذج التأثير المصممة لأي من المقياسين. في هذه الدراسة، نقارن التغيرات الهيدرولوجية التي تمت محاكاتها بواسطة 9 نماذج هيدرولوجية عالمية و 9 نماذج هيدرولوجية إقليمية لـ 11 حوضًا نهريًا كبيرًا في جميع القارات في ظل الظروف المرجعية والسيناريوهات. تعمل البؤر على تشغيل التحقق من صحة النموذج، وحساسية التصريف السنوي لتقلب المناخ في الفترة المرجعية، وحساسية متوسط الديناميكيات الموسمية الشهرية طويلة الأجل لتغير المناخ. تتمثل إحدى النتائج الرئيسية في أن النماذج العالمية، التي لا تتم معايرتها في الغالب مقابل الملاحظات، غالبًا ما تُظهر تحيزًا كبيرًا في متوسط التصريف الشهري، في حين تُظهر النماذج الإقليمية استنساخًا أفضل للظروف المرجعية. ومع ذلك، فإن حساسية مجموعتي جلالة الملكة لتقلب المناخ متشابهة بشكل عام. تُظهر تأثيرات تغير المناخ المحاكاة من حيث متوسط الديناميكيات الشهرية طويلة الأجل التي تم تقييمها لمتوسطات مجموعة جلالة الملكة وانتشارها أن المتوسطات قابلة للمقارنة إلى حد ما في بعض الحالات، ولكن لها اختلافات واضحة في حالات أخرى، وأن فروق الأسعار المتعلقة بالنماذج العالمية هي في الغالب أكبر بشكل ملحوظ. وبإيجاز، يعني هذا أن جلطات الدم العالمية هي أدوات مفيدة عند النظر إلى الآثار واسعة النطاق لتغير المناخ وتقلباته. عندما تكون التأثيرات على حوض نهر أو منطقة معينة ذات أهمية، على سبيل المثال بالنسبة لتطبيقات إدارة المياه المعقدة، يجب استخدام نماذج النطاق الإقليمي التي تمت معايرتها والتحقق من صحتها مقابل التصريف المرصود.

This article investigates impact of substituting fumed silica with a cellulosic-crystal innovation in a commercial Vacuum Insulated Panel (VIP) core. High building performance demands have attracted VIP technology investment to increase production capacity and reduce cost. In building retrofit VIPs resolve practical problems on space saving that conventional insulations are unsuitable for. Three challenges exists in fumed silica: cost, low sustainability properties, and manufacture technical maturity. Cellulosic nano-crystal (CNC) technology is in its infancy and was identified as a possible alternative due to a similar physical nano-structure, and biodegradability. The study aim was to determine a performance starting point and establish how this compares with the current benchmarks. Laboratory cellulosic-crystal samples were produced and supplied for incorporation into commercial VIP manufacture. A selection of cellulosic-panels with core densities ranging 127–170 kg/m3 were produced. Thermal conductivities were tested at a pressure of 1 Pa (0.01 mBar), with the results compared against a selection of fumed silica-VIPs with core densities ranging 144–180 kg/m3. Conductivity tests were then done on a cellulosic-VIP with 140 kg/m3 density, under variable pressures ranging 1–100,000 Pa (0.01–1000 mBar). This investigated panel lifespan performance, with comparisons made to a fumed silica-VIP of similar core density. Manufactured cellulosic-samples were found unsuitable as a commercial substitute, with performance below current standards. Areas for cellulosic nano-material technology development were identified that show large scope for improvement. Pursuit could create a new generation of insulation materials that resolve problems associated with current commercial versions. This is most applicable in building retrofit where large ranges of domestic and commercial cases are marginalised from their construction markets due to impracticalities and high upgrade costs. This being a problem in multiple economies globally.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of Oat–field pea intercropping on the yield, nutritive value, and environmental impact of oat grown under a reduced level of nitrogen fertilisation. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with the following treatments: oat-0 (oat (Avena sativa L., SRCP X 80 Ab 2291 variety) without N fertilization (urea)), oat-23 (oat fertilised with 23 kg N/ha), oat-46 (oat fertilised with 46 kg N/ha), O1P1 (oat intercropped with field pea (Pisum sativum L., local variety) a ratio of 1:1), O1P2 (oat intercropped with field pea a ratio of 1:2), and O2P1 (oat intercropped with field pea at a ratio of 2:1). All of the experimental plots received standard husbandry practices except for nitrogen fertilisation. Soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic carbon were determined before and after planting. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and intercropping of oat with field pea on carbon footprint, acidification footprint, eutrophication footprint, and human toxicity footprint was calculated for each plot. Oat-0 significantly reduced the total nitrogen content of the soil, while there was no significant effect of the other treatments. O2P1 significantly out-yielded all control groups; however, it was not significantly different from fertilisation treatments. Intercropping with field pea did not significantly increase the cost of production of dry matter, crude protein, or dry matter digestibility compared to control groups. Intercropping with field pea significantly reduced the carbon footprint, acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity footprint compared to the control groups. Therefore, oat–field pea intercrops are recommended for the production of high-quality forage at low N input with reduced environmental impact.

AbstractLand-use change and intensification threaten bee populations worldwide, imperilling pollination services. Global models are needed to better characterise, project, and mitigate bees' responses to these human impacts. The available data are, however, geographically and taxonomically unrepresentative; most data are from North America and Western Europe, overrepresenting bumblebees and raising concerns that model results may not be generalizable to other regions and taxa. To assess whether the geographic and taxonomic biases of data could undermine effectiveness of models for conservation policy, we have collated from the published literature a global dataset of bee diversity at sites facing land-use change and intensification, and assess whether bee responses to these pressures vary across 11 regions (Western, Northern, Eastern and Southern Europe; North, Central and South America; Australia and New Zealand; South East Asia; Middle and Southern Africa) and between bumblebees and other bees. Our analyses highlight strong regionally-based responses of total abundance, species richness and Simpson's diversity to land use, caused by variation in the sensitivity of species and potentially in the nature of threats. These results suggest that global extrapolation of models based on geographically and taxonomically restricted data may underestimate the true uncertainty, increasing the risk of ecological surprises.