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The data contains three supporting datasets: 1. Mid-intertidal data 2. Vertical transect data 3. GPS coordinates for all sites

This dataset includes data from two experiments.

Premise: Seed recruitment niches along estuarine elevation gradients are seldom experimentally field-tested under tidal regimes of the Pacific Northwest of North America. Addressing this knowledge gap is important to better understand estuary restoration and plant community response to sea level rise. Methods: Germination was tested in marsh organ mesocosms across an elevation gradient (0.5–1.7 m above mean sea level). Seeds were sown on sterile peat moss, and the tops of pipes were secured with horticultural “frost cloth” to ensure no experimental seeds were washed out and no new seeds were introduced. The trials tested artificial and overwinter chilling regimes, as well as the presence and/or absence of a near-neighbor transplant. Results: Carex lyngbyei had significant elevation-driven germination after overwinter and artificial chilling. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani had near-significant germination across elevation after overwinter chilling, and germination in the absence of competition was significantly greater than with a near-neighbor transplant. Discussion: Carex lyngbyei had the highest germination rate at higher elevations, which suggests restricted seed recruitment potential, and required clonal expansion to extend into lower marsh elevations. Identifying species-specific recruitment niches provides insight for restoration opportunities or invasive species monitoring, as well as for estuary migration under sea level rise. Datasets contain temperature data automatically recorded by iButton data loggers (iButtonLink, LLC, Whitewater, WI, USA. Ibuttonlink.com), or manually observed/recorded percent seed germination in experimental mesocosm (marsh organ). Please see ReadMe, then metadata files for each data file. R code is annotated with notes about analysis process, and often links to resources used to produce analyses.

Climate change is causing large declines in many Pacific salmon populations. In particular, warm rivers are associated with high levels of premature mortality in migrating adults. The Fraser River watershed in British Columbia, Canada, supports some of the largest Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs in the world. However, the Fraser River is warming at a rate that threatens these populations at critical freshwater life stages. A growing body of literature suggests salmonids are locally adapted to their thermal migratory experience, and thus, population-specific thermal performance information can aid in management decisions. We compared the thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon from two populations, a coastal fall-run from the Chilliwack River (125 km cooler migration) and an interior summer-run from the Shuswap River (565 km warmer migration). We acutely exposed fish to temperatures reflecting current (12, 18°C) and future projected temperatures (21, 24°C) in the Fraser River and assessed survival, aerobic capacity (resting and maximum metabolic rates, absolute aerobic scope (AAS), muscle and ventricle citrate synthase), anaerobic capacity (muscle and ventricle lactate dehydrogenase), and recovery capacity (post-exercise metabolism, blood physiology, tissue lactate). Chilliwack Chinook salmon performed worse at high temperatures, indicated by elevated mortality, reduced breadth in AAS, enhanced plasma lactate and potassium levels, and elevated tissue lactate concentrations compared to Shuswap Chinook salmon. At water temperatures exceeding the upper pejus temperatures (Tpejus, defined here as 80% of maximum AAS) of Chilliwack (18.7°C) and Shuswap (20.2°C) Chinook salmon populations, physiological performance will decline and affect migration and survival to spawn. Our results reveal population differences in pre-spawning Chinook salmon performance across scales of biological organization at ecologically relevant temperatures. Given the rapid warming of rivers, we show that it is critical to consider the intra-specific variation in thermal physiology to assist in the conservation and management of Pacific salmon. Please see the main manuscript for all information regarding data collection and analysis.

GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of Dataset: ThermalManipulation_Data 2. Date of data collection : Main text data: 2019-06-19 Supplemental Data: 2021-03-20 3. Geographic location of data collection Main article data: April Point, Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada (50.064067, -125.236816) Supplemental Data: Spanish Banks beach, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (49.278124, -123.222027) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: Main text: - 01_Quadra_heatingData.csv: data was collected to evaluate the initial tidepool heating manipulation trial. The data contains information on abiotic parameters for each treatment condition. - 02_Quadra_coolingData.csv : data was collected to evaluate the tidepool cooling temperature manipulation trial. The data contains information on abiotic parameters for each treatment condition throughout the trial. Supporting Materials: - 03_SupplementalData_Trial1_HOBO.csv: data was collected to assess how pool temperatures and heating by the SAUTE may vary between containers of similar volume but different dimensions. This dataset provides high temporal resolution temperature measurements. - 04_SupplementalData_Trial1_SpotMeas.csv: data was collected to assess how pool temperatures and heating by the SAUTE may vary between containers of similar volume but different dimensions. This dataset contains spot measurements at a variety of locations (see diagrams in supplement of publication) throughout each container to better understand patterns of thermal variation within a container. - 05_SupplementalData_Trial2_HOBO.csv: data was collected to evaluate the ability of the SAUTE to heat a large volume of water (100L). HOBO data loggers were placed at various locations (see diagrams in supplement of publication) throughout each container. - 06_SupplementalData_Trial2_SpotMeas: data was collected to evaluate the ability of the SAUTE to heat a large volume of water (100L). Spot measurements were taken at various locations (see diagrams in supplement of publication) throughout each container to assess thermal variation within a container. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [01_Quadra_heatingData.csv] 1. Number of variables: 8 2. Number of cases/rows: 135 3. Variable List: - pool_ID: unique identifier for each pool - treatment: level of treatment condition (Ambient/Control/Heated) - time: time of measurement (PST, 24hr format) - temperature: water temperature (degrees celsius) - salinity: water salinity (psu) - pH: water pH - DO_mg_L : Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) measured in a subset of pools and timepoints - DO_Percent : Dissolved Oxygen (%) measured in a subset of pools and timepoints 4. Missing Values: NA values indicate missing values. Data was not collected for given parameter(s) at these timepoints. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [02_Quadra_coolingData.csv] 1. Number of variables: 5 2. Number of cases/rows: 64 3. Variable List: - pool_ID: unique identifier for each pool - treatment: level of treatment condition (Cooled/Control) - time: time of measurement (PST, 24hr format) - temperature: water temperature (degrees celsius) - salinity: water salinity (psu) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [03_SupplementalData_Trial1_HOBO.csv] 1. Number of variables: 5 2. Number of cases/rows: 1600 3. Variable List: - Date-Time (PST): Date and time (PST & 24hr format) of temperature measurement - heating_treatment: level of treatment condition (Control/Heated) - container_type: type of experimental container used (bucket/tray) - container_ID: Identifier within each heating_treatment*container_type combination - temperature: water temperature (degrees celsius) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [04_SupplementalData_Trial1_SpotMeas.csv] 1. Number of variables: 6 2. Number of cases/rows: 486 3. Variable List: - container_type: type of experimental container used (bucket/tray) - container_ID: Identifier within each heating_treatment*container_type combination - heating_treatment:level of treatment condition (Control/Heated) - measurement_location:measurement locations within a container - corresponding diagram of locations in the supplemental materials for the accompanying article (a,b,c,d,e) - time: time of measurement (PST, 24hr format) - temperature: water temperature (degrees celsius) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [05_SupplementalData_Trial2_HOBO.csv] 1. Number of variables: 5 2. Number of cases/rows: 1190 3. Variable List: - Date-Time (PST): Date and time (PST & 24hr format) of temperature measurement - heating_treatment: level of treatment condition (Control/Heated) - logger_depth: relative depth of data logger within each experimental container (shallow/bottom) - logger_location: relative logger location within each depth (corner/centre) * Note: Control treatment does not have data for the [shallow, corner] location * - temperature: water temperature (degrees celsius) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [06_SupplementalData_Trial2_SpotMeas] 1. Number of variables: 6 2. Number of cases/rows: 20 3. Variable List: - container_type: type of experimental container used (tub) - heating_treatment:level of treatment condition (Control/Heated) - measurement_location: measurement location within container based on cardinal directions (NE, NW, centre, SE, SW) - measurement_depth: relative depth of temperature measurement within each experimental container (shallow/ bottom) - temperature: water temperature (degrees celsius) - time: time of measurement (PST, 24hr format) There is a growing need to better understand the potential impacts of altered thermal regimes on biodiversity and ecosystem function as mean temperatures, and the likelihood of extreme temperatures, continue to increase. One valuable approach to identify mechanisms and pathways of thermally-driven change at the community level is through the manipulation of temperature in the field. However, where methods exist, they are often costly or unable to produce ecologically relevant changes in temperature. Here, we present a low cost, easily assembled, and readily customizable thermal manipulation system for tide pools or other small bodies of water – the Seaside Array for Understanding Thermal Effects (SAUTE) – and demonstrate its ability to effectively alter the temperature in tide pools. During our three-hour heating manipulation, heated pools reached temperatures 4°C warmer than unmanipulated pools. During the cooling manipulation, cooled pools remained on average 1.8°C cooler than control pools. The novel SAUTE system can be used to alter the temperature of tide pools in situ. Further, it could be modified to heat other environments such as freshwater vernal pools and settlement tiles in a realistic and meaningful manner, serving as a useful tool to test questions surrounding the relationship between climate warming, thermal variability, and ecological processes in natural aquatic communities. Please see the linked publication and supporting materials for full methodological details.

Please cite as: Olivia Graham, Tiffany Stephens, Brendan Rappazzo, Corinne Klohmann, Sukanya Dayal, Emily Adamczyk, Angeleen Olson, Margot Hessing-Lewis, Morgan Eisenlord, Bo Yang, Colleen Burge, Carla Gomes, Drew Harvell. (2022) Data and code from: Deeper habitats and cooler temperatures moderate a climate-driven disease in an essential marine habitat [dataset] Cornell University eCommons Repository. https://doi.org/10.7298/6ybh-w566 ; These files contain data and R code supporting all results reported in Graham et al. "Deeper habitats and cooler temperatures moderate a climate-driven disease in an essential marine habitat." In Graham et al., we found: Eelgrass creates critical coastal habitats worldwide and fulfills essential ecosystem functions as a foundation seagrass. Warming and disease threaten eelgrass meadows with mass mortalities and cascading ecological impacts, even in pristine locations. Although deeper, subtidal meadows are valuable fish nursery grounds and may also provide refuge from the climate-fueled seagrass wasting disease, nothing is known about differences in disease levels across remote locations in northern latitudes and between tidal zones (intertidal and subtidal meadows). From cross-boundary surveys on 5,761 eelgrass leaves from Alaska to Washington assisted with a machine-language algorithm, we measured outbreak conditions with average disease prevalence over 66% in intertidal and 50% in subtidal. In field surveys, disease was consistently lower in subtidal compared to adjacent intertidal meadows; remotely-sensed temperatures revealed significant associations between spring temperature anomalies and disease. While new studies show links between warm temperature anomalies and increased disease, our work detects beneficial effects of cooling in colder water anomalies. Disease was reduced in all regions except Puget Sound in the cooler summer of 2017. Pooled across both years, predicted disease prevalence was nearly 40% lower for subtidal than intertidal leaves, but in both tidal zones, ...

Awareness of climate change and the likelihood that we will run out of fossil fuels is encouraging the development and use of renewable energy. As wood pellets are a sustainable and renewable energy source, the production of wood pellets is developing and growing rapidly worldwide. Guo, Song, and Buhain (2015) reported that renewable energy currently accounts for only 8% of total global energy consumption, but estimated that it will reach 30% by 2050 if renewable energy is continuously researched and developed. European countries, the US and Canada lead wood pellet production, accounting for over 90% of the global volume. Asia and South America have enourmous potential to contribute to global production and consumption of wood pellets, yet they have produce very small quantities and lack coherent strategies and policies to increase capacity. Experts encouraged the use of wood pellets, because they are easy to handle and use and are generally very safe, cost efficient and environmentally friendly. However, by 2011, only 22 million tonnes of pellets were used for fuel (0.38 EJ), about 1% of the global biomass consumption (55EJ) (WBA, 2014). Therefore, to increase their use and to become a significant global energy source, more study is needed, including how to address environmental and health concerns culminating in global policies, standards and strategies. This essay addresses the current global status and situation of wood pellet markets and analyzes the potential for a global wood pellet market and finds that the market for wood pellet has grown rapidly in the last few decades and will develop significantly with better policies and strategies.

On November 11-12, 2011 the UBC Centre for Sport and Sustainability held its second think tank on the topic of Sport Mega-Event Impacts, Leveraging, and Legacies. This invitational event brought together twenty leading researchers from across the globe for an intensive two-day session. The event was also preceded by a one-day graduate student symposium. Sport mega-events have taken on an increasingly visible and prominent role in cities and countries around the world. Commanding a massive expenditure of valuable resources, these events have been linked and debated in regards to their positive and negative economic, social, and environmental benefits. Today a burgeoning consensus exists; one that argues for conceptions of planned legacies as the outgrowth of ongoing impact evaluation, strategic leveraging, and broad-based consultation. This Think Tank has been designed to advance the field of planned legacies by providing the kinds of detail and conceptual analysis to reconcile gaps in impact evaluation, legacy definition, and leveraging strategies while remaining mindful of locally meaningful contexts.

Arts, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate