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Twenty-minute neighbourhoods highlight the importance of well-connected and mixed-used neighbourhoods and communities with proximate access to employment, essential services, public transport, and open spaces. Shorter distances together with re-prioritised public spaces encourage more active transport choices, resulting in public health benefits and reduced environmental pollution. Higher liveability brought about by mixed-use developments enables people to have equitable access to local facilities, amenities, and employment opportunities, promoting vibrancy, social cohesion, and intergenerational connections. The attributes of 20-minute neighbourhoods also combine to create places, that are acknowledged as friendly for all ages, address changing needs across the life course, and provide better support for the ageing population. Furthermore, there are indications that 20-minute neighbourhoods may be more resilient against many of the negative impacts of stringent public health protocols such as those implemented in periods of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this article, we evaluate and compare planning policies and practices aimed at establishing 20-minute neighbourhoods in Melbourne (Australia) and Scotland (the UK). Using case studies, we discuss similarities and differences involved in using place-based approaches of 20-minute neighbourhoods to address 21st-century challenges in key areas of health and wellbeing, equity, environmental sustainability, and community resilience.

In developing an algal treatment system, selenium (Se) removal efficiency by Chlorella vulgaris was evaluated under various conditions such as Se concentration, algal density, temperature and pH. A maximum removal efficiency plateau of ∼90% was observed between 1000-3000 μg Se/L while the tolerance of Se toxicity was found at 6000 μg Se/L. C. vulgaris of 0.75 g DW/L showed the highest removal efficiency (84%), and volatilization was dominant below 1.37 g DW/L. Se volatilization was two times higher at 25 °C than at 20 °C in the first 24 h. Moreover, the highest removal efficiency (77%) was obtained at pH 8.0, compared to 66.5% at pH 6.5 and 40% at pH 10.0. To prevent ecotoxicity, Se laden algae were further burned to ashes or filtered out by Anodonta woodiana. After burning, biomass Se was reduced by 99%, with organo-Se entirely converted into inorganic Se, lowering Se bioavailability. A. woodiana removed 54% of Se in 24 h, leading to Se bioaccumulation in soft tissues, which may serve as dietary Se supplements for human health. Our results suggest the cleanup of Se-contaminated water from either agricultural runoff or industrial discharge could be achieved using an algal treatment system with minimum potential ecotoxicity.

Background: HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PIs) is a good choice for AIDS patients. Nevertheless, for PIs, there are several bugs in clinical application, like drug resistance, the large dose, the high costs and so on, among which, the poor pharmacokinetics property is one of the important reasons that leads to the failure of its clinical application. Objective: We aimed to build computational models for studying the relationship between PIs structure and its pharmacological activities. Methods: We collected experimental values of koff/Ki and structures of 50 PIs through a careful literature and database search. Quantitative structure activity/pharmacokinetics relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models were constructed by support vector machine (SVM), partial-least squares regression (PLSR) and back-propagation neural network (BPNN). Results: For QSAR models, SVM, PLSR and BPNN all generated reliable prediction models with the r2 of 0.688, 0.768 and 0.787, respectively, and r2pred of 0.748, 0.696 and 0.640, respectively. For QSPR models, the optimum models of SVM, PLSR and BPNN obtained the r2 of 0.952, 0.869 and 0.960, respectively, and the r2pred of 0.852, 0.628 and 0.814, respectively. Conclusion: Among these three modelling methods, SVM showed superior ability than PLSR and BPNN both in QSAR/QSPR modelling of PIs, thus, we suspected that SVM was more suitable for predicting activities of PIs. In addition, 3D-MoRSE descriptors may have a tight relationship with the Ki values of PIs, and the GETAWAY descriptors have significant influence on both koff and Ki in PLSR equations.

Coal will continue to be the main energy source in China for the immediate future, although the environmental pollution and ecological impacts of each stage in the full life cycle of coal mining, transportation, and combustion generate large quantities of external costs. The Late Permian coals in southwestern (SW) China usually contain high amounts of fluorine (F), arsenic (As), and ash, which together with high-F clays cause abnormally high levels of endemic fluorosis, As poisoning, and lung cancer in areas where coal is mined and burned. In this paper, we estimate the external costs of the life cycle of coal. The results show that the externalities of coal in SW China are estimated at USD 73.5 billion or 284.3 USD/t, which would have accounted for 6.5 % of the provincial GDP in this area in 2018. The external cost of human health accounts for 87.2% of the total external costs, of which endemic skeletal fluorosis diseases and related lung cancers have the most important impact. Our study provides a more precise estimate of externalities compared with its counterparts in other provinces in China. Therefore, several policy recommendations would be proposed to internalize the external cost.

Abstract: COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been expanding. SARS-CoV caused an outbreak in early 2000, while MERS-CoV had a similar expansion of illness in early 2010. Nanotechnology has been employed for nasal delivery of drugs to conquer a variety of challenges that emerge during mucosal administration. The role of nanotechnology is highly relevant to counter this “virus” nano enemy. This technique directs the safe and effective distribution of accessible therapeutic choices using tailored nanocarriers, as well as the interruption of virion assembly, by preventing the early contact of viral spike glycoprotein with host cell surface receptors. This study summarises what we know about earlier SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV illnesses, with the goal of better understanding the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus. It also explains the progress made so far in creating COVID-19 vaccines/ treatments using existing methods. Furthermore, we studied nanotechnology- based vaccinations and therapeutic medications that are now undergoing clinical trials and other alternatives.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can lead to environmental pollution and threaten human health due to their toxic and carcinogenic nature. The emission of VOCs increases dramatically with the accelerated industrialization and economic growth. Adsorption is identified as one of the most promising recovery technologies owing to its cost-effectiveness, flexible operation, and low energy consumption. In particular, adsorption-based technologies have a high potential to recycle both adsorbents and adsorbates, typically to capture valuable aromatic VOCs from industrial exhaust. Porous materials such as carbon-based materials, zeolite-based materials, and organic polymers and their composites have been extensively developed for VOCs adsorption focusing in adsorption capacity, hydrophobic property, thermal stability and regenerability. Among them, porous carbons as VOCs adsorbents have attracted increasingly attention, because they can be regulated by tuning the pore structure for VOCs accessibility during the adsorption process. Moreover, porous carbons can adsorb target VOCs by controlling the pore structure and surface functional groups. Significantly, the pore size distribution of porous carbons mostly controls the VOCs sorption process. Micropores provide the main adsorption sites, while mesopores enhance the diffusion of VOCs. In this review, the adsorption mechanism of VOCs onto porous carbons was generally concluded. Porous carbons can be designed as a specific structure for adsorption of aromatic VOCs by controlling the pore structure, hydrophobic sites, π-electronic structure, and surface functional groups. Since there are limited review literatures on porous carbons derived from renewable resources for VOCs adsorption, this paper will provide an overview on the synthesis of porous carbons from biomass and other organic wastes for VOCs adsorption or integrated oxidation processes (e.g., photocatalysis, non-thermal plasma catalysis, chemical catalysis) under ambient conditions with the objective of guiding ...

Correction for ‘Photocatalyzed redox-neutral decarboxylative alkylation of heteroaryl methanamines’ by Pengfei Niu et al., Green Chem., 2021, 23, 774–779, DOI: 10.1039/D0GC04094K.

The accessibility of hospital facilities is of great importance not only for maintaining social stability, but also for protecting the basic human right to health care. Traditional accessibility research often lacks consideration of the dynamic changes in transport costs and does not reflect the actual travel time of urban residents, which is critical to time-sensitive hospital services. To avoid these defects, this study considered the city of Kaifeng, China, as an empirical case, and directly acquired travel time data for two travel modes to the hospital in different time periods through web mapping API (Application Program Interface). Further, based on travel time calculations, we compared five baseline indicators. For the last indicator, we used the optimal weighted accessibility model to measure hospital accessibility for each residential area. The study discovered significant differences in the frequency and spatial distribution of hospital accessibility using public transit and self-driving modes of transportation. In addition, there is an imbalance between accessibility travel times in the study area and the number of arrivals at hospitals. In particular, different modes of transportation and different travel periods also have a certain impact on accessibility of medical treatment. The research results shed new light on the accessibility of urban public facilities and provide a scientific basis with which local governments can optimize the spatial structure of hospital resources.