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Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes. We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world’s most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact and sampling method. The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species’ range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items. The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium-sized mammals and birds decreased. Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with lower incidence of large mammals and higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet. Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium-sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats. Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human-induced habitat change. This knowledge can help place the results of local-scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes. Castañeda et al. 2022 Mammal Review (Variation in red fox Vulpes vulpes diet in five continents)

A Calypso Square gravity core AMD15-Casq1 (543 cm) and corresponding box core (40 cm) were collected in 2015 from the central north NOW (77°15.035’ N, 74°25.500’ W, 692 m water depth) (Figure 1) during the ArcticNet Leg 4a, onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Amundsen. Core chronology: The core chronology is based on 11 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates on mollusc shells from the Calypso core, and 210Pb and 137Cs measurements on 20 samples from the box core (see Jackson et al. (2021) for more details). Here, all radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the latest marine calibration curve (Marine20; Heaton et al., 2020; Table S1). In Jackson et al. (2021), and using the Marine13 calibration curve, a local reservoir correction of 140 ± 60 years was applied based on measurements from a live marine mollusc specimen collected from the NOW before the mid-1950’s (McNeely & Brennan, 2005). Using the Marine20 calibration curve, this specimen now yields a reservoir offset of –4 ± 60 years. In line with this reduced reservoir offset for the Marine 20 (vs. Marine13) calibration curve, and owing to the lack of a regional ΔR term for the polynya (Pieńkowski et al., 2023), no additional reservoir age correction (i.e., ΔR=0) was applied. A mixed age-depth model was constructed using the bacon-package in R (Blaauw & Christen, 2011). Accordingly, the composite core covers the last ca. 3800 cal years BP. We note that the new calibration only resulted in negligible changes compared to the age model presented in Jackson et al. (2021). Diatom analyses: Sediment samples for diatom analysis were prepared following the protocol described in Crosta et al. (2020). Approximately 0.3 g of dry sediment was treated with an oxidative solution composed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), distilled water and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (decahydrate, Na4O7P2-10H2O) in a warm bath (~65°C) for several hours until the reaction ceased. The residue was then rinsed repeatedly with distilled water by centrifugation (7 min at 1200 rpm). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 30%) was used to remove the carbonate content. The residue was again rinsed several times until neutral pH, and microscopy slides were mounted in Naphrax©. In each sample, ca. 300 diatom valves were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Resting spores of Chaetoceros were counted, but not included in the relative abundance calculations. Census counts were done using a light microscope (Olympus BX53, UNB) with dark field, phase contrast optics and oil immersion, at 1000X magnification. We followed the counting rules presented in Crosta and Koç (2007): specimens were counted when at least half of the valve was observed, with the exception of Rhizosolenia and Thalassiothrix taxa that were only counted when the spine-like proboscis or appendix was visible, respectively. The Pikialasorsuaq (North Water polynya) is an area of local and global cultural and ecological significance. However, over the last decades, the region has been subject to rapid warming and, in some recent years, the seasonal ice arch that has historically defined the polynya’s northern boundary has failed to form. Both factors are deemed to alter the polynya’s ecosystem functioning. To understand how climate-induced changes to the Pikialasorsuaq impact the basis of the marine food web, we explored diatom community-level responses to changing conditions, from a sediment core spanning the last 3800 years. Four metrics were used: total diatom concentrations, taxonomic composition, mean size, and diversity. Generalized additive model statistics highlight significant changes at ca. 2400, 2050, 1550, 1200, and 130 cal years BP, all coeval with known transitions between colder and warmer intervals of the Late Holocene, and regime shifts in the Pikialasorsuaq. Notably, a weaker/contracted polynya during the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Climate Anomaly caused the diatom community to reorganize via shifts in species composition, with the presence of larger taxa but lower diversity, and significantly reduced export production. This study underlines the high sensitivity of primary producers to changes in the polynya dynamics and illustrates that the strong pulse of early-spring cryopelagic diatoms that makes the Pikialasorsuaq exceptionally productive may be jeopardized by rapid warming and associated Nares Strait ice arch destabilization. Future alterations to the phenology of primary producers may disproportionately impact higher trophic levels and keystone species in this region, with implications for Indigenous Peoples and global diversity.  # Marine diatoms record Late Holocene regime shifts in the Pikialasorsuaq ecosystem [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj8p](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj8p) This dataset includes diatom counts (relative abundances, %) from core AMD15-Casq1. Diatoms were analyzed at a 1 to 10 cm sampling interval, which corresponds to an effective age resolution ranging from ca. 3 to 64 years (mean: 31 years). Absolute abundances are reported in valves per g of dry sediment. Fluxes were calculated by combining diatom concentrations (valves and spores g-1) with mass accumulation rates (g cm-2 yr-1). ## Description of the data and file structure Diatom data are presented against depth and modelled age (years BP) in the sediment archive. ## Sharing/Access information n/a ## Code/Software n/a

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.DAMIP.CAS.FGOALS-g3.hist-GHG' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The FGOALS-g3 climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: atmos: GAMIL3 (180 x 80 longitude/latitude; 26 levels; top level 2.19hPa), land: CAS-LSM, ocean: LICOM3.0 (LICOM3.0, tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 218 longitude/latitude; 30 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: CICE4.0. The model was run by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China (CAS) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

The expansion of irrigated agriculture has increased global crop production but resulted in widespread stress to freshwater resources. Ensuring that increases in irrigated production only occur in places where water is relatively abundant is a key objective of sustainable agriculture, and knowledge of how irrigated land has evolved is important for measuring progress towards water sustainability. Yet a spatially detailed understanding of the evolution of global area equipped for irrigation (AEI) is missing. Here we utilize the latest sub-national irrigation statistics (covering 17298 administrative units) from various official sources to develop a gridded (5 arc-min resolution) global product of AEI for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We find that AEI increased by 11% from 2000 (297 Mha) to 2015 (330 Mha) with locations of both substantial expansion (e.g., northwest India, northeast China) and decline (e.g., Russia). Combining these outputs with information on green (i.e., rainfall) and blue (i.e., surface and ground) water stress, we also examine to what extent irrigation has expanded unsustainably (i.e., in places already experiencing water stress). We find that more than half (52%) of irrigation expansion has taken place in regions that were already water stressed, with India alone accounting for 36% of global unsustainable expansion. These findings provide new insights into the evolving patterns of global irrigation with important implications for global water sustainability and food security. Recommended citation: Mehta, P., Siebert, S., Kummu, M. et al. Half of twenty-first century global irrigation expansion has been in water-stressed regions. Nat Water (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00206-9 Open-access peer reviewed publication available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-024-00206-9 Files G_AEI_*.ASC were produced using the GMIA dataset[https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/f79213a0-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8]. Files MEIER_G_AEI_*.ASC were produced using Meier et al. (2018) dataset [https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.884744].

This data package contains data used for an model-data intercomparison originally published in: D. K. Hutchinson, H. K. Coxall, D. J. Lunt, M. Steinthorsdottir, A. M. de Boer, M. Baatsen, A. von der Heydt, M. Huber, A. T. Kennedy-Asser, L. Kunzmann, J.-B. Ladant, C. H. Lear, K. Moraweck, P. N. Pearson, E. Piga, M. J. Pound, U. Salzmann, H. D. Scher, W. P. Sijp, K. K. Śliwińska, P. A. Wilson, and Z. Zhang, 2021: The Eocene-Oligocene transition: a review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model-data comparisons, Climate of the Past, 17, 269-315. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021 These data are also used in a further model-data intercomparison of Antarctic temperatures: Emily Tibbett, Natalie J Burls, David K. Hutchinson, Sarah J Feakins, (2023), Proxy-Model Comparison for the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in Southern High Latitudes, Paleoceanography and Paleocliamtology, In Review. Pre-print avaiable from: https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.1002/essoar.10511735.2 The package contains surface air temperature and sea surface temperature from an ensemble of model simulations of the Eocene-Oligocene transition. These data are provided at annual and monthly frequency. They are also provided on the original model grid, and an interpolated common grid used for the intercomparison. (The common grid is based on the HadCM3BL model grid.) All data are provided in NETCDF format with self-describing variable names. The name and explanation of the interpolated data files are contained in: table_of_experiments.xlsx Please read that spreadsheet to interpret the filenames, and see Table 2 (p291) of Hutchinson et al (2021) for experiment descriptions. Please also be mindful to cite the original authors of the simulations when using these data, whose work made this dataset possible. The appropriate citations are listed below: Reference DOI link Baatsen et al (2020) https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020 Goldner et al (2014) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13597 Ladant et al (2014a,b) https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1957-2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002593 Hutchinson et al (2018, 2019) https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-789-2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11828-z Kennedy et al (2015) https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0419 Zhang et al (2012, 2014) https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-523-2012 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13705 Sijp et al (2009) https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3003.1

Climate trends during maize growing period and their impacts on maize yield in Northwest China was investigated. This dataset contains: 1) information of stations in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China; 2) Trend in temperature and its effect on yield in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China; 3) Trend in radiation and its effect on yield in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China; 4) Trend in precipitation and its effect on yield in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China. Climate trends during maize growing period and their impacts on maize yield in Northwest China was investigated. This dataset contains: 1) information of stations in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China; 2) Trend in temperature and its effect on yield in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China; 3) Trend in radiation and its effect on yield in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China; 4) Trend in precipitation and its effect on yield in cultivation region for maize in Northwest China.

The impacts of increasing natural climate disasters are threatening food security in the Asia-Pacific region. Rice is Asia’s most important staple food. Climate variability and change directly impact rice production, through changes in rainfall, temperature and CO2 concentrations. The key for sustainable rice crop is water management. Adaptation can occur through shifts of cropping to higher latitudes and can profit from river systems (via irrigation) so far not considered. New opportunities arise to produce more than one crop per year in cooler areas. Asian wheat production in 2005 represents about 43 % of the global total. Changes in agronomic practices, such as earlier plant dates and cultivar substitution will be required. Fisheries play a crucial role in providing food security with the contribution of fish to dietary animal protein being very high in the region – up to 90 % in small island developing states (SIDS). With the warming of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and increased acidification, marine ecosystems are presently under stress. Despite these trends, maintaining or enhancing food production from the sea is critical. However, future sustainability must be maintained whilst also securing biodiversity conservation. Improved fisheries management to address the existing non-climate threats remains paramount in the Indian and Pacific Oceans with sustainable management regimes being established. Climate-related impacts are expected to increase in magnitude over the coming decades, thus preliminary adaptation to climate change is valuable.

Atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O) have increased significantly since pre-industrial times owing to anthropogenic perturbation of the global nitrogen cycle, with animal production being one of the main contributors. Grasslands cover about 20 per cent of the temperate land surface of the Earth and are widely used as pasture. It has been suggested that high animal stocking rates and the resulting elevated nitrogen input increase N(2)O emissions. Internationally agreed methods to upscale the effect of increased livestock numbers on N(2)O emissions are based directly on per capita nitrogen inputs. However, measurements of grassland N(2)O fluxes are often performed over short time periods, with low time resolution and mostly during the growing season. In consequence, our understanding of the daily and seasonal dynamics of grassland N(2)O fluxes remains limited. Here we report year-round N(2)O flux measurements with high and low temporal resolution at ten steppe grassland sites in Inner Mongolia, China. We show that short-lived pulses of N(2)O emission during spring thaw dominate the annual N(2)O budget at our study sites. The N(2)O emission pulses are highest in ungrazed steppe and decrease with increasing stocking rate, suggesting that grazing decreases rather than increases N(2)O emissions. Our results show that the stimulatory effect of higher stocking rates on nitrogen cycling and, hence, on N(2)O emission is more than offset by the effects of a parallel reduction in microbial biomass, inorganic nitrogen production and wintertime water retention. By neglecting these freeze-thaw interactions, existing approaches may have systematically overestimated N(2)O emissions over the last century for semi-arid, cool temperate grasslands by up to 72 per cent.