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The nucleation behavior of SnCl2 on different crystal planes of niobium surface (with different pre-treatment) was strongly correlated with the adsorption energy. The orientation information of different crystal planes was processed by OIM software, and the adsorption capacity of different crystal planes to SnCl2 was obtained by simulation based on first principles using Material Studio (MS). The nucleation behavior of SnCl2 on different crystal planes of niobium surface (with different pre-treatment) was strongly correlated with the adsorption energy. The orientation information of different crystal planes was processed by OIM software, and the adsorption capacity of different crystal planes to SnCl2 was obtained by simulation based on first principles using Material Studio (MS).

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.CAS.FGOALS-g3.historical' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The FGOALS-g3 climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: atmos: GAMIL3 (180 x 80 longitude/latitude; 26 levels; top level 2.19hPa), land: CAS-LSM, ocean: LICOM3.0 (LICOM3.0, tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 218 longitude/latitude; 30 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: CICE4.0. The model was run by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China (CAS) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Owing to the storage and transportation problems of hydrogen fuel, exploring new methods of the realtime hydrogen production from ammonia becomes attractive. In this paper, non-thermal arc plasma (NTAP) combining with NiO/Al2O3 catalyst is developed to produce hydrogen from ammonia with high efficiency and large scale. The effects of ammonia gas flow rate and discharge power on the gas temperature, electron density, the hydrogen production rate, and energy efficiency were investigated. Experimental results show that the optical emission spectrum of NTAP working with pure ammonia medium was dominated by the atom spectrum of Hα, Hβ, and molecular spectrum of NH component. Under the optimum experimental condition of plasma discharge, the highest energy efficiency of hydrogen production reached 783.4 L/kW·h at NH3 gas flow rate of 30 SLM. When the catalyst was added, and heated by the NTAP simultaneously, the energy efficiency further increased to 1080.0 L/kW·h. Owing to the storage and transportation problems of hydrogen fuel, exploring new methods of the realtime hydrogen production from ammonia becomes attractive. In this paper, non-thermal arc plasma (NTAP) combining with NiO/Al2O3 catalyst is developed to produce hydrogen from ammonia with high efficiency and large scale. The effects of ammonia gas flow rate and discharge power on the gas temperature, electron density, the hydrogen production rate, and energy efficiency were investigated. Experimental results show that the optical emission spectrum of NTAP working with pure ammonia medium was dominated by the atom spectrum of Hα, Hβ, and molecular spectrum of NH component. Under the optimum experimental condition of plasma discharge, the highest energy efficiency of hydrogen production reached 783.4 L/kW·h at NH3 gas flow rate of 30 SLM. When the catalyst was added, and heated by the NTAP simultaneously, the energy efficiency further increased to 1080.0 L/kW·h.

Here the processed experimental data of the accepted paper given below is documented and made available: Berger, F., Neuhaus, L., Onnen, D., Hölling, M., Schepers, G., and Kühn, M.: Experimental analysis of the dynamic inflow effect due to coherent gusts, Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-2, accepted, 2022.

Bioenergy is considered a sustainable substitute to fossil-fuel resources and the development of a prudent combination of renewable and innovative conversion technologies are essential for the valorization and effective conversion of biowaste to value-added commodities. Here, a negative pressure-induced carbonization process was proposed for the valorization of lignin-enriched biowaste precursor to bio-oil and environmental materials (biochar) at various temperatures. The high heating values (HHV) of the as-prepared biochars from the lignin enriched precursor under negative pressure (low-medium vacuum) were within 25.9-31.5 MJ/kg, which matched satisfactorily to the commercial charcoal. Whereas, the bio-oils produced from the lignin enriched precursor under vacuum conditions was a blend of complex aromatic and straight-chain hydro-carbons, including aldehyde, ketone, phenol, and furans, exhibiting ability as potential heating-oil with HHV within 21.2-28.2 MJ/kg. Moreover, the biochars produced under vacuum environments at higher temperature showed greater stability (22.5-35.9%) than those produced under N2 atmosphere.

Abstract The Liquefied natural gas (LNG) cryogenic submerged pump, the core power equipment for the transportation of liquefied natural gas, is prone to cavitation. However, based on the traditional analysis of the pressure drop, the irreversible loss after cavitation can barely be displayed quantitatively. To solve this problem, an entropy production diagnostic model (EPDM) by the contribution of viscous entropy production (VEP), turbulent entropy production (TEP) and wall entropy production (WEP) for the cavitation flow was established to calculate the energy loss. The cryogenic cavitation model and proposed EPDM were proved to be reliable after comparing results with Hord’s experiment in an ogive and cavitation experiment in a centrifugal pump. Then, by studying the total entropy production, it was found that the EPDM could well predict the occurrence of the critical cavitation and the deterioration of cavitation. When compared with TEP and WEP, the effect of VEP is negligible. As the cavitation area expands from the suction surface of inducer (id) to the first-stage impeller (impA), the cavitation process can be divided into three stages and the total energy loss increases significantly from the first stage to the third one. Through the global distribution of energy loss, it was found that the faster growth of the loss in the second-stage impeller (impB) and the second-stage guide vane (gvB), not in id and impA, contributes more to the energy loss after cavitation. Finally, from the variation of ratio of TEP to WEP, it reveals that cavitation has a greater effect on the WEP rate for the impB, but the turbulent viscous dissipation is still dominant, while the eddy dissipation and resistance loss in gvB with the evolution of cavitation are both crucial.

The transition towards renewable energy is leading to an important strain on the energy grids. The question of designing and deploying renewable energy technologies in symbiosis with existing grids and infrastructure is arising. While current energy system models mainly focus on the energy transformation system or only investigate the effect on one energy vector grid, we present a methodology to characterize different energy vector grids and storage, integrated into the multi-energy and multi-sector modeling framework EnergyScope. The characterization of energy grids is achieved through a traditional energy technology and grid modeling approach, integrating economic and technical parameters. The methodology has been applied to the case study of a country with a high existing transmission infrastructure density, e.g., Switzerland, switching from a fossil fuel-based system to a high share of renewable energy deployment. The results show that the economic optimum with high shares of renewable energy requires the electric distribution grid reinforcement with 2.439 GW (+61%) Low Voltage (LV) and 4.626 GW (+82%) Medium Voltage (MV), with no reinforcement required at transmission level [High Voltage (HV) and Extra High Voltage (EHV)]. The reinforcement is due to high shares of LV-Photovoltaic (PV) (15.4 GW) and MV-wind (20 GW) deployment. Without reinforcement, additional biomass is required for methane production, which is stored in 4.8–5.95 TWh methane storage tanks to compensate for seasonal intermittency using the existing gas infrastructure. In contrast, hydro storage capacity is used at a maximum of 8.9 TWh. Furthermore, the choice of less efficient technologies to avoid reinforcement results in a 8.5%–9.3% cost penalty compared to the cost of the reinforced system. This study considers a geographically averaged and aggregated model, assuming all production and consumption are made in one single spot, not considering the role of future decentralization of the energy system, leading to a possible overestimation of grid reinforcement needs.

Abstract The design and operation of a new clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized-bed gasifier is proposed in this article. By arranging the clapboard in the bed, the gasifier is thus divided into two regions, which are characterized by different fluidization velocities. The bed structure is designed so that it can guide the circulating flow passing through the two regions, and therefore the feedstock particles entrained in the flow experience longer residence time. The experimental results based on the present new design, operating in the temperature range of 790°C–850°C, indicate that the gas yield is from 1.6–1.9 Nm3/kg feedstock, the gas enthalpies are 5,345 kJ/Nm3 for wood chip and 4,875 kJ/m3 for rice husk, and a gasification efficiency up to 75% can be obtained.