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En este trabajo se analizan discursos del ámbito empresarial en los que se defienden propuestas ideológicas en el tema económico; en concreto, se analizan varios discursos en los que la Asociación Española de Productores de Energías Renovables (APPA, en adelante) responde a las críticas vertidas desde determinadas multinacionales del sector de la energía por las subvenciones públicas otorgadas a las empresas de energías renovables, en particular a los productores de energía fotovoltaica.Los resultados del análisis (pragmático-discursivo y argumentativo) revelan que el recurso principal que utiliza APPA para la defensa de este tipo de energías es la recontextualización de las críticas recibidas por parte de las multinacionales del sector de la energía, transformando estas críticas en una macroestrategia de deslegitimación de las energías renovables por parte de estas multinacionales. En el conjunto de los discursos analizados y del resto de estrategias argumentativas utilizadas, se puede observar, además, cómo esta deslegitimación es utilizada por APPA como prueba argumentativo-persuasiva para mostrar lo absurdo de tales críticas.Desde la perspectiva teórico-metodológica, este trabajo muestra la importancia en estos discursos de los recursos retóricoselocutivos; es decir, de aquellos capaces de activar marcos cognitivos determinados que evocan emociones, porque tanto transmiten intenciones como mueven a la acción.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209 In this article I offer an analysis of professional speeches in a business context in which ideological proposals of an economic nature are defended, in particular, several speeches in which the Spanish Association of Renewable Energy Producers (APPA) responds to criticism from multinational companies in the energy sector. Their criticism is largely based on the fact that the companies involved in renewable energy, particularly photovoltaic producers, are receiving subsidies from the government.The results of the pragmatic-discursive and argumentative analysis reveal that the main discursive resource APPA uses to defend this kind of energy is the recontextualization of the criticism they have received by the aforementioned multinational companies, by transforming this criticism using a macro-strategy, i.e., delegitimizing renewable energies. By combining all of the analyzed speeches with the various argumentative strategies present in the speeches, one can observe that APPA uses this delegitimation, both argumentatively and persuasively, to show the absurdity of this criticism.From a theoretical and methodological perspective, in this article I illustrate the importance of elocutive resources in these speeches; that is, those that are able to activate particular cognitive frames that evoke emotion since both convey simultaneously intention and action.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209 In diesem Beitrag werden professionelle Diskurse in Unternehmen analysiert, in denen ideologisch ökonomische Ansätze verteidigt werden, genauer: Diskurse, in denen die spanische Vereinigung der Erzeuger erneuerbarer Energien (APPA) auf Kritiken multinationaler Unternehmen hinsichtlich der öffentlichen Finanzierung insbesondere von fotoelektrischen Firmen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse der (pragmatisch-diskursiven und argumentativen) Analyse zeigen, dass die wesentlichste diskursive Ressource, die APPA nutzt, um diese Art der Energieproduktion und -finanzierung zu verteidigen, darin besteht, die Kritik vonseiten der multinationalen Unternehmen zu rekontexualisieren und in eine Makrostrategie zu transformieren, die erneuerbare Energien delegitimiert. Werden die diskursiven Strategien mit den argumentativen Strategien in Verbindung gesetzt, dann fällt weiter auf, dass diese Delegitimierung von der APPA als argumentativer Beleg genutzt wird, um die Absurdität der Kritik aufzuzeigen.Aus theoretischer und methodologischer Perspektive versuche ich zu verdeutlichen, welche Bedeutung elokutive Ressourcen in Diskursen haben, d.h. Ressourcen, die spezifische kognitive, Emotionen auslösende Muster aktivieren und Intentionen ebenso wie Handeln affizieren.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209

En este trabajo se analizan discursos del ámbito empresarial en los que se defienden propuestas ideológicas en el tema económico; en concreto, se analizan varios discursos en los que la Asociación Española de Productores de Energías Renovables (APPA, en adelante) responde a las críticas vertidas desde determinadas multinacionales del sector de la energía por las subvenciones públicas otorgadas a las empresas de energías renovables, en particular a los productores de energía fotovoltaica.Los resultados del análisis (pragmático-discursivo y argumentativo) revelan que el recurso principal que utiliza APPA para la defensa de este tipo de energías es la recontextualización de las críticas recibidas por parte de las multinacionales del sector de la energía, transformando estas críticas en una macroestrategia de deslegitimación de las energías renovables por parte de estas multinacionales. En el conjunto de los discursos analizados y del resto de estrategias argumentativas utilizadas, se puede observar, además, cómo esta deslegitimación es utilizada por APPA como prueba argumentativo-persuasiva para mostrar lo absurdo de tales críticas.Desde la perspectiva teórico-metodológica, este trabajo muestra la importancia en estos discursos de los recursos retóricoselocutivos; es decir, de aquellos capaces de activar marcos cognitivos determinados que evocan emociones, porque tanto transmiten intenciones como mueven a la acción.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209 In this article I offer an analysis of professional speeches in a business context in which ideological proposals of an economic nature are defended, in particular, several speeches in which the Spanish Association of Renewable Energy Producers (APPA) responds to criticism from multinational companies in the energy sector. Their criticism is largely based on the fact that the companies involved in renewable energy, particularly photovoltaic producers, are receiving subsidies from the government.The results of the pragmatic-discursive and argumentative analysis reveal that the main discursive resource APPA uses to defend this kind of energy is the recontextualization of the criticism they have received by the aforementioned multinational companies, by transforming this criticism using a macro-strategy, i.e., delegitimizing renewable energies. By combining all of the analyzed speeches with the various argumentative strategies present in the speeches, one can observe that APPA uses this delegitimation, both argumentatively and persuasively, to show the absurdity of this criticism.From a theoretical and methodological perspective, in this article I illustrate the importance of elocutive resources in these speeches; that is, those that are able to activate particular cognitive frames that evoke emotion since both convey simultaneously intention and action.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209 In diesem Beitrag werden professionelle Diskurse in Unternehmen analysiert, in denen ideologisch ökonomische Ansätze verteidigt werden, genauer: Diskurse, in denen die spanische Vereinigung der Erzeuger erneuerbarer Energien (APPA) auf Kritiken multinationaler Unternehmen hinsichtlich der öffentlichen Finanzierung insbesondere von fotoelektrischen Firmen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse der (pragmatisch-diskursiven und argumentativen) Analyse zeigen, dass die wesentlichste diskursive Ressource, die APPA nutzt, um diese Art der Energieproduktion und -finanzierung zu verteidigen, darin besteht, die Kritik vonseiten der multinationalen Unternehmen zu rekontexualisieren und in eine Makrostrategie zu transformieren, die erneuerbare Energien delegitimiert. Werden die diskursiven Strategien mit den argumentativen Strategien in Verbindung gesetzt, dann fällt weiter auf, dass diese Delegitimierung von der APPA als argumentativer Beleg genutzt wird, um die Absurdität der Kritik aufzuzeigen.Aus theoretischer und methodologischer Perspektive versuche ich zu verdeutlichen, welche Bedeutung elokutive Ressourcen in Diskursen haben, d.h. Ressourcen, die spezifische kognitive, Emotionen auslösende Muster aktivieren und Intentionen ebenso wie Handeln affizieren.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209

This works presents the design of wireless power transfer systems that can transfer power through materials such as stainless steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, and fiberglass. Wireless power transfer research has been limited to through-air applications, focusing on short distances and high efficiencies. However, complex scenarios require specific design criteria to provide the advantages of wireless power transfer for critical applications. Taking this into consideration, this work presents the extensive research towards enabling wireless power transfer systems for unconventional barriers. In the first chapter a new approach is taken towards the design of compact and embedded wireless power transfer solutions. A miniature coil is designed to transfer power through a 1 mm thick aluminum metal plate. The results are unprecedented, P_rx=100 mW, considering that through metal power transfer had only being demonstrated using large diameter coils. In addition to that, the metal barrier used is aluminum, a high conductivity material. This is important because traditional research focused on less conductive material such as stainless steel or tin. In the next chapter, we demonstrated a wireless power and data transfer system that uses a miniature coil with a size of 15 mm × 13 mm × 6 mm. Our system demonstrated that not only power but data could be transferred through an aluminum barrier using the same coil for power and data transmission. The maximum coil-to-coil power transfer efficiency is 2.4%, and the maximum harvested power is 440 mW operating at 2 kHz. Additionally, our system demonstrated that power can be harvested in variety of materials of different thicknesses. The next chapter presents a breakthrough in the field of wireless power transfer through metal by enabling long distance wireless power transfer. A large portion of the technologies for wireless power transfer are limited to short operation distances, distances around 1-10 millimeters to less than 20 cm. The operation distances are even shorter for the case of through metal wireless power transfer. For through metal wireless power transfer, the high losses from the metal barrier require short operation distances less than 1 mm, in order to transfer some energy through the metal barrier. On the contrary, our system uses a custom designed coil to transfer energy to a receiving coil enclosed in a 1-mm thick aluminum metal box up to a distance of 1m. The maximum AC harvested power was 231 μW when the transmitted power is only 6.16 W. The next chapter presents a long range through metal wireless power transfer and communication system. The system demonstrated that power can be harvested inside a metal box, and that data can be transferred bidirectionally between the nodes. Operating at 103 kHz, a maximum harvested power of 408 μW AC and 96 μW DC is achieved, with bidirectional communication at a rate of 1.2 kbps. The last chapter presents the design of a wireless power transfer systems that can operate through composite materials. The work analyses the effect of different materials and presents a system that can operate wirelessly through carbon fiber and fiberglass. Finally, conclusions present the results of this research and the future perspectives in the field.

This works presents the design of wireless power transfer systems that can transfer power through materials such as stainless steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, and fiberglass. Wireless power transfer research has been limited to through-air applications, focusing on short distances and high efficiencies. However, complex scenarios require specific design criteria to provide the advantages of wireless power transfer for critical applications. Taking this into consideration, this work presents the extensive research towards enabling wireless power transfer systems for unconventional barriers. In the first chapter a new approach is taken towards the design of compact and embedded wireless power transfer solutions. A miniature coil is designed to transfer power through a 1 mm thick aluminum metal plate. The results are unprecedented, P_rx=100 mW, considering that through metal power transfer had only being demonstrated using large diameter coils. In addition to that, the metal barrier used is aluminum, a high conductivity material. This is important because traditional research focused on less conductive material such as stainless steel or tin. In the next chapter, we demonstrated a wireless power and data transfer system that uses a miniature coil with a size of 15 mm × 13 mm × 6 mm. Our system demonstrated that not only power but data could be transferred through an aluminum barrier using the same coil for power and data transmission. The maximum coil-to-coil power transfer efficiency is 2.4%, and the maximum harvested power is 440 mW operating at 2 kHz. Additionally, our system demonstrated that power can be harvested in variety of materials of different thicknesses. The next chapter presents a breakthrough in the field of wireless power transfer through metal by enabling long distance wireless power transfer. A large portion of the technologies for wireless power transfer are limited to short operation distances, distances around 1-10 millimeters to less than 20 cm. The operation distances are even shorter for the case of through metal wireless power transfer. For through metal wireless power transfer, the high losses from the metal barrier require short operation distances less than 1 mm, in order to transfer some energy through the metal barrier. On the contrary, our system uses a custom designed coil to transfer energy to a receiving coil enclosed in a 1-mm thick aluminum metal box up to a distance of 1m. The maximum AC harvested power was 231 μW when the transmitted power is only 6.16 W. The next chapter presents a long range through metal wireless power transfer and communication system. The system demonstrated that power can be harvested inside a metal box, and that data can be transferred bidirectionally between the nodes. Operating at 103 kHz, a maximum harvested power of 408 μW AC and 96 μW DC is achieved, with bidirectional communication at a rate of 1.2 kbps. The last chapter presents the design of a wireless power transfer systems that can operate through composite materials. The work analyses the effect of different materials and presents a system that can operate wirelessly through carbon fiber and fiberglass. Finally, conclusions present the results of this research and the future perspectives in the field.

Climate and market shocks impact on the livelihood strategies of families in Altiplano communities. A household survey of 360 families in the Altiplano sheds light how families participate in markets, cope with climate and market shocks, and their feelings of control over these events. Theory proposes that the higher levels of capitals and climate resilient activities will result in a greater sense of control and therefore lower sense of dread. Cluster analysis identified three groups by wealth and life cycle characteristics in each region, as well as clear differences in income, assets, and market production activities between and within regions. Coping strategies in region facing warming and drying trends has focused on loss of assets, such as sales of animals. While in both regions there is diversity of income sources, the major source of diversity in Ancoraimes is crop varieties. While in both regions climatic shocks have had a negative impact on production, this has been experienced in Ancoraimes by 99 to 100 percent of the families, which has implications in terms of coping mechanism that rely on community networks. The other region has also experienced high rates of production shocks, from 71 to 92 percent of household members in each group. Strategies to diversify to climate resilient activities have resulted in increased off farm activities, mostly migration, in the lower income, lower asset region, while the greater assets in livestock, which face a more stable market and ability to withstand climate shocks presents a bifurcated response. Comparison between groups identified in the clusters for each region found no significant differences between groups on climate shock and climate change perceptions, in both regions. The rating on the risk of climate shock hazards at the household level was above 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 4 meant a very high threat and 5 an extreme threat. Umala households ratings were higher for the shocks than for change in climate with an average of 3.79 for the latter, while in Ancoraimes most of the risks were rated from 3.70 to 3.92, with the exception of climate change that was around 4. Overall though, in both regions climate hazard perceptions are high. Market risks are also considered a threat but rated lower than climate. Dread of losing outside networks of support was ranked high by elderly men and women, as well as the change in climate, in Umala, with no differences in Ancoraimes, but higher rates of dread overall do to the significance of this income in their livelihood strategies. Finding to date are consistent with theory, in that the dread, a reflection of the coping or lack of coping mechanisms, is higher in terms of markets for livestock in Umala, and higher in terms of loss of remittances from family members in Ancoraimes. The study finds that coping mechanism are based on individual household strategies, rather than community or institutions. LTRA-4 (Practices and Strategies for Vulnerable Agro-Ecosystems)

Climate and market shocks impact on the livelihood strategies of families in Altiplano communities. A household survey of 360 families in the Altiplano sheds light how families participate in markets, cope with climate and market shocks, and their feelings of control over these events. Theory proposes that the higher levels of capitals and climate resilient activities will result in a greater sense of control and therefore lower sense of dread. Cluster analysis identified three groups by wealth and life cycle characteristics in each region, as well as clear differences in income, assets, and market production activities between and within regions. Coping strategies in region facing warming and drying trends has focused on loss of assets, such as sales of animals. While in both regions there is diversity of income sources, the major source of diversity in Ancoraimes is crop varieties. While in both regions climatic shocks have had a negative impact on production, this has been experienced in Ancoraimes by 99 to 100 percent of the families, which has implications in terms of coping mechanism that rely on community networks. The other region has also experienced high rates of production shocks, from 71 to 92 percent of household members in each group. Strategies to diversify to climate resilient activities have resulted in increased off farm activities, mostly migration, in the lower income, lower asset region, while the greater assets in livestock, which face a more stable market and ability to withstand climate shocks presents a bifurcated response. Comparison between groups identified in the clusters for each region found no significant differences between groups on climate shock and climate change perceptions, in both regions. The rating on the risk of climate shock hazards at the household level was above 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 4 meant a very high threat and 5 an extreme threat. Umala households ratings were higher for the shocks than for change in climate with an average of 3.79 for the latter, while in Ancoraimes most of the risks were rated from 3.70 to 3.92, with the exception of climate change that was around 4. Overall though, in both regions climate hazard perceptions are high. Market risks are also considered a threat but rated lower than climate. Dread of losing outside networks of support was ranked high by elderly men and women, as well as the change in climate, in Umala, with no differences in Ancoraimes, but higher rates of dread overall do to the significance of this income in their livelihood strategies. Finding to date are consistent with theory, in that the dread, a reflection of the coping or lack of coping mechanisms, is higher in terms of markets for livestock in Umala, and higher in terms of loss of remittances from family members in Ancoraimes. The study finds that coping mechanism are based on individual household strategies, rather than community or institutions. LTRA-4 (Practices and Strategies for Vulnerable Agro-Ecosystems)

El siglo XXI es el siglo de la sostenibilidad ambiental y de la lucha contra el cambio climático. El cambio climático va a condicionar políticas públicas y acciones privadas en todo el mundo para alcanzar el objetivo de reducción de emisiones establecidos en los acuerdos internacionales (Kyoto, París). El objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión de los efectos ya constatados del cambio climático en la región mediterránea, así como las medidas de adaptación y mitigación a corto-medio plazo para hacer frente al calentamiento global, como son la adaptación de los espacios urbanos (escala local), y la mejora de la enseñanza sobre este fenómeno. Según la Agenda 2030, y concretamente los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el nº13 (“Acción por el clima”), establece dos acciones principales que los países deben culminar en 2030: la aprobación de leyes y planes de mitigación y adaptación, y la puesta en marcha de programas educativos. Finisterra, Vol. 58 N.º 122 (AOP) (2023)

El siglo XXI es el siglo de la sostenibilidad ambiental y de la lucha contra el cambio climático. El cambio climático va a condicionar políticas públicas y acciones privadas en todo el mundo para alcanzar el objetivo de reducción de emisiones establecidos en los acuerdos internacionales (Kyoto, París). El objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión de los efectos ya constatados del cambio climático en la región mediterránea, así como las medidas de adaptación y mitigación a corto-medio plazo para hacer frente al calentamiento global, como son la adaptación de los espacios urbanos (escala local), y la mejora de la enseñanza sobre este fenómeno. Según la Agenda 2030, y concretamente los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el nº13 (“Acción por el clima”), establece dos acciones principales que los países deben culminar en 2030: la aprobación de leyes y planes de mitigación y adaptación, y la puesta en marcha de programas educativos. Finisterra, Vol. 58 N.º 122 (AOP) (2023)