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Regional carbon emissions related to forest cover change (FCC) and wood harvest (WH) are critical for the accurate estimates of global carbon balance over an extended time period. Using remote sensing and inventory data, this study provides a comprehensive record of FCC, WH, and their integrated carbon emissions between 1908 and 2015 in the dry temperate regions of Pakistan. Results demonstrate a significant decline in forest area (21,034 ha) at an annual rate of 0.56% from 1973 to 2015. The total WH was 24.84 million m3 (0.23 million m3 yr−1) between 1908 and 2015. Deforestation was responsible for a net loss of 1.39 million Mg C (0.018 million Mg C yr−1), while WH-related carbon emissions accounted for 11.29 million Mg C (0.52 million Mg C yr−1). The present results indicate that under the existing FCC and WH harvest scenario, the forests are acting as a net source of 0.29 million Mg C yr−1. Agriculture expansion and the heavy dependency of local communities on the forest’s resources, exclusion of conservation and local communities from forest management, insufficient monitoring, and weak law-enforcement were the striking drivers of FCC, WH, and their related emissions. These findings suggest that to maintain forest carbon and meet the communities’ requirements, counter approaches such as agriculture incentives, agroforestry, trophy hunting, alternative energy sources, and inclusion of conservation and secure community-based management are needed.

This paper decomposes daily crude oil shocks into demand shock, supply shock and risk shock. Then, it employs Diebold and Yilmaz connectedness index approach to explore the differences for the time-varying effect of different types of structural shocks on new energy stock markets in China, Europe and the United States during the period 10 June 2009–30 October 2018. The new findings show that: 1) There are time-varying features of structural shocks to all new energy markets. 2) The crude oil demand shock and risk shock have a large explanatory ability on the returns of all new energy stock markets, while the crude oil supply shock has a small impact. 3) The influences of crude oil demand shocks on the market returns of new energy in China, Europe and the United States are 1.31%, 8.64%, and 4.47%, respectively; however, the affection of crude oil risk shocks to the market returns of new energy in the same markets are 3.17%, 7.91%, and 21.51%, respectively. 4) The crude oil demand shock and supply shock have little impact on any new energy market volatilities, but the effects of crude oil risk shocks to China and the United States’ new energy market volatilities are 2.44% and 3.14%, respectively.

Crop residues as key organic carbon inputs have the potential for soil carbon sequestration. However, previous studies have shown an inconsistent effect of residue return on the direction and magnitude of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. We used a laboratory-based soil incubation study to test the response of N2O emission to crop residue type, soil moisture, and how nutrient management modulates these responses. In this study, we incorporated crop residues with different qualities (wheat, rice, soybean, and maize) at two soil moisture contents {80% field capacity (FC) and 60% FC} and under seven nutrient levels: N0P0K0 (no nutrients), N0PK, N100PK, N150PK, N100PK + manure@ 5 Mg ha−1, N100PK + biochar@ 5 Mg ha−1, and N150PK + biochar@ 5 Mg ha−1. The results demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) differences in the magnitude of N2O emissions among treatments. However, only the interaction effect of residue × nutrient and nutrient × moisture was significant (p < 0.05). N100PK and N150PK at 80% FC mitigated N2O emission by approximately 20% in wheat residue-amended soil (cf. control soil without residue). In contrast, maize residue amendment (cf. control soil) increased N2O emission by 130% under N0P0K0 and 80% FC. Residue effects were negatively correlated with the C:N ratio, and a strong positive correlation (p < 0.01) was obtained between N2O emission and CO2 respiration, labile carbon, mineral N, and residue total nitrogen (TN). When no nutrients were added, N2O emission was higher in residue returned soil. However, cumulative fluxes of N2O decreased by 6–17% when maize and wheat residues (cf. control soil) were applied with nutrients. Negative fluxes of N2O indicating consumption were observed in every treatment after 57 days of incubation and were most pronounced in control soil without residue and nutrients. Decreasing the soil moisture from 80% FC to 60% FC, the N2O consumption rate increased by 6.6 times across residue types and nutrient management. The regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) results showed that residue TN, soil CO2 emission, NO3-N, and labile SOC were the key predictor variables and could explain 82% variability in the soil N2O emission in the Vertisols of Central India. The results suggested that nutrient addition (NPK) could alter the magnitude and direction of soil N2O flux by residue type and soil moisture by influencing the underlying soil microbial processes of the C and N cycle in the Vertisol of subtropical India.

Air temperature is the primary indicator of climate change. Reanalysis temperature products are important datasets for temperature estimates over high-elevation areas with few meteorological stations. However, they contain biases in observations, so a bias correction is required to enhance the accuracy of modeling predictions. In this study, we used the temperature lapse-rate method to correct ERA-Interim reanalysis-temperature data in the Qilian Mountains of China from 1979 to 2017. These temperature lapse rates were based on observations (ΓObs) and on model internal vertical lapse rates derived from different ERA-Interim pressure levels (ΓERA). The results showed that the temperature lapse rates in warm periods were larger than those in cold periods. Both the original and corrected ERA-Interim temperature can significantly capture the warming trend exhibited by observations. In general, the temperature lapse rate method was reliable for correcting ERA-interim reanalysis-temperature data. Although ΓObs performed best in bias correction, it depends heavily on the density of ground observation stations and is not appropriate for remote areas with a low data coverage. Correction methods based on ΓERA were shown to be reliable for bias correction, and will be especially applicable to mountainous areas with few observation stations. Our results contribute to the improvement of quality of data products and enhance the accuracy of modeling of climate change effects and risks to the environment and human health.

The irrational application of chemical fertilizers in wheat cultivation not only threatens the agricultural ecosystem but also significantly contributes to carbon emissions, impeding the achievement of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality” goals. The objective of this research is to assess the efficiency of chemical fertilizer use in wheat production across ten major wheat-producing provinces in China from 2004 to 2020. We employed a stochastic frontier production function to evaluate the technical efficiency of fertilizer use, determining feasible reduction levels. The Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, and Markov chain analysis were further utilized to dissect the spatio-temporal dynamics of carbon emission reduction potential. Our findings provide a detailed analysis of the carbon emission reduction potential in wheat chemical fertilizer use across China’s ten major wheat-producing provinces from 2004 to 2020. The average carbon emission reduction potential is significant, at 251.1 kg CE/hm2, with considerable variation observed among regions. The western region, in particular, stands out with the highest potential, reaching up to 336.51 kg CE/hm2, which is notably higher compared to the eastern (230.05 kg CE/hm2) and central regions (158.28 kg CE/hm2). The spatial distribution of this potential is uneven, and the disparities are progressively increasing, primarily due to inter-regional differences. Despite a general decline in carbon reduction potential, the spatial distribution remains relatively consistent. To foster sustainable wheat production, it is imperative to prioritize the western region for targeted chemical fertilizer carbon reduction initiatives. Attention must also be given to the issue of regional disparities in low-carbon wheat production. Enhancing the role of soil testing and fertilizer recommendations is essential to increase the effectiveness of carbon reduction efforts. Additionally, a multi-faceted approach that incorporates various alternative measures is necessary to drive further reductions in chemical fertilizer-related carbon emissions.

This study aims to find the nexuses among energy efficiency, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, logistics industry, manufacturing industry and global trade during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on global supply chains in exporting nations of the world. The data for this study has been extracted from the World Development Indicators and Statista 2021 for 13 years ranging from 2007-to 2020 for nine top exporting countries. The fixed effect panel estimation technique was implied to examine and analyze the data. The results of our study revealed that highly risky diseases significantly impact supply chain operations globally. Global supply chains, logistics and manufacturing industries significantly influence global trade operations. Our results implicate that the overall international trade and logistics can be enhanced by improving the manufacturing and logistics industries by coping with the risk of pandemic diseases. Moreover, by utilizing cost-effective, renewable and efficient energy resources companies address sustainability issues of global trade and operations. By exerting further attention to the proficiency of the levies approval process, competence and quality of logistics services, and ease of assembling competitively priced shipments, the governments can significantly enhance the export from the logistics industry. Also, increasing manufacturing and agricultural value-added healthier consequences might be acquired in global supply chain operations from the manufacturing industry.

This study explores the relationship between ESG investments and carbon emissions in China. Our results show that 1% increase in environmental investments would cause 0.246% decrease in CO2 emissions and 0.558% decrease in carbon emission intensity. The impact of ESG investment is heterogeneous across the developed and underdeveloped regions. Environmental investments in the advanced eastern region have significantly improved carbon productivity. In contrast, environmental investments in the central and western regions significantly reduced carbon emissions, but they have little impact on carbon productivity.